THE WILTED LILY REPRESENTATIONS OF THE GREATER CAPETIAN DYNASTY WITHIN THE VERNACULAR TRADITION OF SAINT-DENIS, 1274-1464 by Derek R. Whaley A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History at the University of Canterbury, 2017. ABSTRACT Much has been written about representations of kingship and regnal au- thority in the French vernacular chronicles popularly known as Les grandes chroniques de France, first composed at the Benedictine abbey of Saint-Denis in 1274 by the monk Primat. However, historians have ignored the fact that Primat intended his work to be a miroir for the princes—a didactic guidebook from which cadets of the Capetian royal family of France could learn good governance and morality. This study intends to correct this oversight by analysing the ways in which the chroniclers Guillaume de Nangis, Richard Lescot, Pierre d’Orgemont, Jean Juvénal des Ursins, and Jean Chartier constructed moral character arcs for many of the members of the Capetian family in their continua- tions to Primat’s text. This thesis is organised into case studies that fol- low the storylines of various cadets from their introduction in the narrative to their departure. Each cadet is analysed in isolation to deter- mine how the continuators portrayed them and what moral themes their depictions supported, if any. Together, these cases prove that the chron- iclers carefully crafted their narratives to serve as miroirs, but also that their overarching goals shifted in response to the growing political cri- ses caused by the Hundred Years War (1337-1453) and the Armagnac- Burgundian civil war (1405-1435). Where at first the chroniclers of the thirteenth century advocated many forms of Capetian dynasticism—the promotion of dynastic governance—by the fifteenth century, only forms of dynasticism that directly enhanced the authority of the kings of France were promoted by the continuators. The revelation that there is a conscious redirection of the narrative suggests a shifting awareness of the relationship between king and dynasty within late medieval French society. It also suggests that other contemporary chronicles likely functioned as miroirs and may require reassessment to verify whether they, too, reflect this change in perspective. CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. vii Figures ................................................................................................................................. ix Note on Translations and Names .......................................................................................... xi Table of Abbreviations....................................................................................................... xiii Timeline of Chronicle History .............................................................................................. xv 1. Introduction: The Dionysian Vernacular Tradition ........................................................... 1 Part I: Capetian Dynasticism 2. In the Shadow of the Lion ................................................................................................ 35 2.1 Model Brethren .................................................................................................... 36 2.2 Charles d’Anjou and the War for Sicily ................................................................ 43 2.3 The Question of Artois ......................................................................................... 54 3. Cursed and Fortunate Kings ........................................................................................... 65 3.1 The Navarrese Double Monarchy ......................................................................... 66 3.2 The Valois Ascendancy ........................................................................................ 71 3.3 The Perseverance of the House of Évreux ............................................................. 82 4. All Roads Lead to War .................................................................................................... 93 4.1 Suspicious Agnates ............................................................................................... 93 4.2 The Flemish Problem .......................................................................................... 101 4.3 The War of the French Succession ...................................................................... 109 Part II: Regnal Supremacy 5. The Times of Troubles ................................................................................................... 125 5.1 A Kingdom Without a King ................................................................................ 125 5.2 The War of the Two Charles ............................................................................... 132 5.3 Quarrelous Uncles .............................................................................................. 138 6. The Apanage Kings ....................................................................................................... 149 6.1 The Burgundians ................................................................................................ 150 6.2 The House of Orléans and the Armagnacs .......................................................... 157 6.3 Those Left Behind .............................................................................................. 164 7. Reimagining the Capetian Dynasty ............................................................................... 175 7.1 Redeeming the Capetians of Brittany .................................................................. 175 7.2 Reframing Illegitimate Kin ................................................................................. 184 7.3 Embracing Capetians of Another Father ............................................................. 188 8. The Triumph of Regnal Supremacy................................................................................ 199 8.1 The Rise of the Angevins .................................................................................... 199 8.2 Echoes of the Hussites in France ......................................................................... 205 8.3 The Valois’s Sacrificial Lamb ............................................................................ 213 9. Conclusion: Les Chroniques de France ......................................................................... 223 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 237 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe much of this thesis to the many people who have supported and assisted me over the past three years. Without the constant and thorough feedback and long discussions with my primary supervisor, Chris Jones, the study before you would appear very different, with much poorer arguments and much weaker conclusions. It was he who directed my attention to the Dionysian vernacular tradition, although I certainly took the subject into directions he could not have predicted. I must also thank Tracy Adams, my secondary supervisor, who helped me streamline my arguments and interpret some unusual late medieval French words and phrases. Furthermore, this thesis would not have been possible without the help of the interloan staff at Puaka-James Hight Library, specifically Sue Thompson, who repeatedly came to my rescue by acquiring books and articles for me from increasingly obscure sources. More broadly, I ex- tend my appreciation to the University of Canterbury’s College of Arts, specifically the De- partment of History, which has supported me throughout this process and provided me with multiple travel bursaries to attend conferences in Australia and New Zealand, and the Canter- bury History Foundation and the Australia and New Zealand Association for Medieval and Early Modern Studies, both of which also provided me with scholarships. On a more personal level, this study could not have been completed without the con- stant moral and emotional support provided by my friends at the University of Canterbury and around the world. Numerous people have read through and provided editorial assistance to me throughout the process of writing this thesis, which I appreciate greatly, including Lisa Rol- ston, Thandi Parker, Anne Shenton, and Maree Shirota. Furthermore, I thank Lindsay Breach, Hannah Garner, Ruth Larsen, Julian Vesty, Anna Milne, and the 2017 History MA students, all of whom have helped keep me sane throughout this process. I also cannot ignore the post- graduate students in my own office—Xiongbo Shi, Yafei Lü, James Schofield, Yvette Bense- mann, and Fiona Dalzell—with whom I have laughed and commiserated in equal measure. Finally, this task would not have been possible without my family, especially my parents, Kanda and Harold Whaley, who first encouraged me to pursue my doctorate over a decade ago. My dad tragically will never see the conclusion of this long journey, having died from cancer in August 2017. My mother, though, continues her support, editing drafts, providing feedback, and generally cheerleading as she always has. Thanks also to my in-laws, Jeanne and Kirk Kennedy, without whom I probably could never have afforded such a prolonged study in such a beautiful land as New Zealand. And lastly, my heart goes out to my partner Kara, who has withstood years of me discussing Dionysian chronicles, Capetian royalty, An- glo-French