Butterflies of North America 3.4 Butterflies of Kern and Tulare Counties, California (Revised) Contributions of the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity Colorado State University Lepidoptera of North America. 3.4 Butterflies of Kern and Tulare Counties, California (Revised) *Annotated Checklist of Butterflies of Kern and Tulare Counties, California *Field Collecting and Sight Records for Butterflies of Kern and Tulare Counties, California *Butterflies of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, Tulare and Fresno Counties, California by Ken Davenport¹ 8417 Rosewood Ave. Bakersfield, California 93306 1Museum Associate, C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1177 January 25, 2014 1 Contributions of the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity Colorado State University Cover illustration: San Emigdio Blue (Plebejus emigdionis) near Onyx, Kern County, California, May 23, 2002. This is a very uncommon lycaenid butterfly endemic to a small area of southern California (see text). The type locality is in Kern County. ISBN 1084-8819 This publication and others in the series may be ordered from the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1177 2 Annotated Checklist of Butterflies of Kern and Tulare Counties, California INTRODUCTION The information presented here incorporates data from collecting, scientific papers, published articles on butterflies, field guides and books, letters from lepidopterists and butterfly watchers. My purpose is to give an updated and annotated checklist of the butterflies occurring in Kern and Tulare Counties, California. This revised publication now includes specific records for all the species and subspecies known to occur in the region. The records section is comprehensive but not a complete listing of all known records. The purpose of these records is both for scientific documentation of distributions of the butterflies for these two counties and to serve as a guide for visitors seeking to find the butterflies of the region. Early and late flight periods are given with the note many taxa undoubtedly fly earlier or later than current records indicate. Flight periods may vary greatly from year to year depending on weather, temperature and rainfall patterns. Many butterflies in Kern and Tulare Counties occur only in California and some only in this region. The names used in this publication are most often those believed by the author to be the most correct names though many butterflies are currently controversial in terms of names status. Such issues are mentioned under Taxonomic notes. Taxonomic order in general follows A CATALOGUE/CHECKLIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO, Clifford D. Ferris, Editor. Type localities given but not cited are taken from the previous checklist with the same title by Lee D. Miller and F. Martin Brown, 1981. The taxonomic order in Lycaenidae follows the recent checklist by Paul Opler and Andrew Warren (2002) -- SCIENTIFIC NAMES LIST FOR BUTTERFLY SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICA, NORTH OF MEXICO. Actual names used in the annotated checklist most often follow the names of the Opler/Warren checklist. Currently, the names list most in use by serious lepidopterists’ is A CATALOGUE OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA by Jonathan P. Pelham (2008). Common names used usually follow those most traditionally used, with several newer names for subspecies taken from The International Lepidoptera Survey list of standardized common names (TILS web site). Alternate names are often mentioned with species level names given priority over the names of subspecies. It is only in recent years that both common and scientific names have gained acceptance for joint use in helping all interested in Lepidoptera to understand just what butterflies are being considered. With correct scientific names of butterflies going through frequent changes recently and at present (or with correct names being debated), common names do serve a valuable purpose in identification and in communicating with governmental agencies and the general public when conservation issues arise. Many possible butterflies with potential conservation issues occur within the region covered by this paper. It should be noted that scientific rules of nomenclature do not apply with common names and that common names given here are English names mostly used only in North America north of Mexico whereas scientific names are the same worldwide. KERN COUNTY In 1983, I published Geographic Distribution and Checklist of the Butterflies of Kern County, California in the Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society (Davenport, 1983). I listed 126 species known to occur within the county at that time. A later article (Davenport, 1988) added Philotes sonorensis to the list. Other additions have been published in the annual Season Summaries of the Lepidopterists’ Society and taxonomic revisions have added others. Our knowledge of ranges and taxonomy has greatly increased since 1983. Many butterflies were described from Kern and Tulare County localities and that information is now provided here. Many of these type localities were taken from Miller and Brown (1981) or Thomas C. Emmel (1998). The current list totals 145 species in Kern County and many important geographic subspecies. Kern County embraces the southern Sierra Nevada and several entire mountain ranges, the southern San Joaquin Valley and part of the western Mojave Desert. [See Brock (2001) for a worthwhile 3 discussion of the southern Sierra Nevada (includes Kern and Tulare Cos.) including good localities, a map and photographs]. TULARE COUNTY There are 155 species currently known from Tulare County, but several additions are expected from the High Sierra Nevada. Most of the High Country of this region is not accessible by road and can be reached only by trail. National Park regulations prohibit collecting without authorization within Kings Canyon and Sequoia National Parks. The author spent several days over several seasons collecting within these parks under permit from the National Park Service. This county includes a portion of the southern San Joaquin Valley and the southern Sierra Nevada with desert species straying into the county from the south. The first edition of this publication was the first time that a Tulare County Checklist had been published, but such information for both counties at the species-level was included in the 1993 ATLAS OF WESTERN USA BUTTERFLIES by Ray E. Stanford and Paul A. Opler (1993). GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS WITHIN KERN AND TULARE COUNTIES San Joaquin Valley: An arid lowland Valley which is heavily used for agricultural purposes though recent development is impacting the use of land. Citrus and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) are among the most commonly grown crops in the region. Rainfall is normally 6 inches or less at Bakersfield but becomes twice or more that amount northward into Tulare County. What plants grow in remnant natural habitats are adapted to low annual rainfall and very long, hot, and dry summers. There are other riparian areas along the Kern, Tule, Kaweah and Kings rivers, and Poso Creek that support butterflies normally found in more montane areas. The Coast Ranges (represented by the Temblor Range) are the western border of the Valley in Kern County, but in Tulare County the boundaries do not reach nearly as far west, being replaced by Kings County that fills this void. What butterflies occur in this region are species common and widespread in the western United States. Many of these butterflies have adapted to cities, residential areas, gardens, parks and agricultural fields. Natural habitats in the San Joaquin Valley have largely disappeared with dams being built upstream and the building of levees and conversion of former swamps and riparian grasslands to agriculture, residential areas or cities. Bakersfield now has a population of close to 500,000 and Delano and Tulare are other major cities in the Valley. What is unusual is that many species in the southern San Joaquin Valley are species more normally expected to occur in the Mojave Desert. Most of these are limited to Kern County and include Hesperopsis libya joaquina, Pontia beckerii, Anthocharis cethura morrisoni and Danaus gilippus thersippus. Another, Copaeodes aurantica, was found commonly along the Tule River at Porterville in Tulare County in 1987 and 1988. Most of these occur away from the cities and agricultural areas in saltbush covered wastelands and alkali flats, in ravines or swampy areas in otherwise dry country. One exception is Pyrgus scriptura which benefits from man’s influence and occurs on the edges of agricultural fields and canal banks that the alkali mallow host plant colonizes on the west side of the valley. Another highlight of the region is Cupido (Everes) comyntas sissona which reaches its southern limits in the riparian areas of Tulare County, but occasionally occurs transiently as far south as the Kern River near Bakersfield. Western Mojave Desert: The portion which lies in Kern County east and south of the mountain ranges receives less than ten inches of rain most years. There is no portion of the Mojave Desert in Tulare County though the desert influence is high in the southeast corner of that county adjacent to the desert and arid east slope of the Sierra Nevada. Rainfall occurs in the winter and spring and only rarely do summer thunderstorms occur. Vegetation is generally very sparse with plants adapted to highly arid conditions, high summer temperatures and sandy soils. Some common plants of the region include creosote bush (Larrea divaricata Cav.), several varieties of rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.), saltbush (Atriplex spp), buckwheats (Eriogonum spp), Joshua Tree (Yucca brevifolia Engelm in Wats.) and several kinds of Cacti. Many kinds of wildflowers can occur in the region in years of favorable winter rains. The Kern County desert is generally flat and unremarkable and few butterfly species can be expected. Much better conditions can be expected in wetter years where the desert and mountain regions meet.