The Mongolic Languages Routledge Language Family Series

T H E MONGOLIC L A N G U A G E S ROUTLEDGE LANGUAGE FAMILY SERIES Each volume provides a detailed, reliable account of every member language, or representative language of a particular family. Each account is a reliable source of data, arranged according to the natural system of classification: phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon, semantics, dialectology and socio-linguistics. Each volume is designed to be the essential source of reference for a particular linguistic community, as well as for linguists working on typology and syntax. The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar The Manchu-Tungusic Languages Edited by Alexander V o vin Edited by Nikolaus Himmelmann & Sander Adelaar The Mongolic Languages Edited by Juha Janhunen The Bantu Languages Edited by Derek Nurse & Gérard Philippson The Oceanic Languages Edited by John Lynch, Malcolm Ross & T e rry Crowley The Celtic Languages Edited by Martin Ball & James Fife The Romance Languages Edited by Martin Harris & Nigel Vincent The Dravidian Languages Edited by Sanford B. Steever The Semitic Languages The Germanic Languages Edited by Johan van der Anwera & Ekkehard König Edited by Robert Hetzron The Sino-Tibetan Languages Edited by Graham Thurgood & Randy LaPolla The Indo-Aryan Languages Edited by George Cardona & Dhanesh Jain The Slavonic Languages Edited by Bernard Comrie & Greville B. Corbett The Indo-European Languages Edited by Paolo Ramat & Anna Giacalone The Turkic Languages Edited by Lars Johanson & Eva Csato The Iranian Languages Edited by Gernot Windfuhr The Uralic Languages Edited by Daniel Abondolo The Khoesan Languages Edited by Raïner V o ssen T H E MONGOLIC L A N G U A G E S Edited by Juha Janhunen First published 2003 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Routledge is an imprint of the T a ylor & Francis Group © 2003 Selection and editorial material, Juha Janhunen; individual chapters, the authors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Mongolic languages/edited by Juha Janhunen. p. cm. — (Routledge language family series ; 5) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. 1. Mongolian languages. I. Janhunen, Juha, 1952- II. Series. PL400 .M64 2003 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">494'.2—dc21 </li><li style="flex:1">2002036793 </li></ul>ISBN 0-203-98791-8 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0–7007–1133–3 CONTENTS List of tables xii xv xvi xxiv xxvii xxix Notes on contributors Preface and acknowledgements List of abbreviations Chart of Romanization Language map <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">1</li><li style="flex:1">Proto-Mongolic Juha Janhunen </li></ul>1 Periodization Data and sources Segmental phonemes Word structure Word formation Nominal number Nominal case Numerals Pronouns Participles Imperatives Finite indicative forms Converbs 2348 10 12 13 16 18 21 22 23 25 26 27 Syntax Lexicon <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">2</li><li style="flex:1">Written Mongol Juha Janhunen </li></ul>30 Periodization Data and sources The Mongol script Orthography Letters and sounds Diachronic position Segmental alternations Number and case Numerals Pronouns Verbal forms Syntax Lexicon 32 33 34 37 39 42 43 45 47 48 49 52 54 vvi CONTENTS <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">3</li><li style="flex:1">Middle Mongol V o lker Rybatzki </li></ul>57 Scripts and documents Data and sources Taxonomic position Segmental phonemes Word formation Nominal number Nominal case Numerals Pronouns Verbal forms Syntax Lexicon 57 60 61 62 64 66 66 70 71 73 78 80 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">4</li><li style="flex:1">Khamnigan Mongol Juha Janhunen </li></ul>83 Data and sources Taxonomic position Segmental phonemes Word structure Number and case Numerals Pronouns Possessive suffixes Imperatives Non-finite verbal forms Finite indicative forms Predicative personal endings Syntax 84 85 86 87 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">99 </li><li style="flex:1">Lexicon </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">5</li><li style="flex:1">Buryat Elena Skribnik </li></ul>102 Data and sources Dialects Segmental phonemes Word structure Number and case Numerals Pronouns Possessive suffixes Finite verbal forms Participles 103 104 105 106 108 110 110 112 113 114 116 117 118 119 121 124 125 126 Converbs Predicative personal endings Predicative particles Simple sentences Complex sentences Postpositional constructions Relative clauses Lexicon CONTENTS vii 129 6Dagur T o shiro Tsumagari Data and sources Segmental phonemes Word structure Word formation Number and case Numerals Pronouns Possessive suffixes Imperatives Participles Converbs Finite indicative forms Predicative personal endings Auxiliary verbs Syntax 130 130 133 135 136 139 140 142 143 144 145 147 148 148 149 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">151 </li><li style="flex:1">Lexicon </li></ul>7Khalkha Jan-Olof Svantesson 154 Data and sources Segmental phonemes Word structure Word formation Number and case Numerals Pronouns Possessive suffixes Verbal forms Tense and aspect Phrase types Simple sentences Passive and causative Complex sentences Lexicon 154 155 158 161 162 163 164 164 165 167 169 170 171 172 174 89 Mongol dialects Juha Janhunen 177 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Classification </li><li style="flex:1">178 </li></ul>181 182 185 189 190 Data and sources Phonological trends Segmental phonemes Morphology Lexicon Ordos Stefan Georg 193 Data and sources Segmental phonemes Word structure 194 194 196 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">198 </li><li style="flex:1">Word formation </li></ul>viii CONTENTS Number and case Numerals Pronouns Possessive suffixes Imperatives Participles Converbs Finite indicative forms Syntax 199 201 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 10 Oirat Ágnes Birtalan 210 Data and sources Segmental phonemes Word formation Number and case Numerals 211 212 215 216 218 219 220 221 223 224 225 226 226 Pronouns Possessive suffixes Finite verbal forms Participles Converbs Predicative personal endings Syntax Lexicon 11 Kalmuck Uwe Bläsing 229 Data and sources Segmental phonemes Word structure Word formation Number and case Numerals Pronouns Possessive suffixes Imperatives Participles Converbs Finite indicative forms Predicative personal endings Syntax 230 230 232 233 234 237 238 239 240 241 243 244 245 245 12 Moghol Michael W e iers 248 Data and sources Dialects Segmental phonemes Word structure Parts of speech Word formation 248 250 250 251 252 252 CONTENTS ix Number and case Numerals Pronouns Verbal forms Predicative personal endings Syntax 254 255 256 256 260 260 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">262 </li><li style="flex:1">Lexicon </li></ul>13 Shira Yughur Hans Nugteren 265 Data and sources Segmental phonemes Word structure Word formation Number and case Numerals Pronouns Possessive suffixes Imperatives Participles Converbs Finite indicative forms Auxiliary verbs Syntax 265 266 267 268 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 278 281 282 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">283 </li><li style="flex:1">Lexicon </li></ul>14 Mongghul Stefan Georg 286 Data and sources Segmental phonemes Word structure Word formation Number and case Numerals 287 288 292 293 294 296 297 298 299 300 302 303 304 Pronouns Possessive suffixes Finite verbal forms Non-finite verbal forms The category of perspective Syntax Lexicon 15 Mangghuer Keith W . S later 307 Data and sources Segmental phonemes Word structure Parts of speech Word formation 308 309 310 311 311 312 313 Nominal forms Numerals and classifiers <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">x</li><li style="flex:1">CONTENTS </li></ul>Pronouns Verbal forms 314 315 316 317 319 320 323 The category of perspective Simple sentences Auxiliary verbs Complex sentences Final particles 16 Bonan Wu Hugjiltu 325 Data and sources Dialects 326 326 327 330 331 332 334 335 337 340 342 343 344 Segmental phonemes Word structure Word formation Number and case Numerals Pronouns Verbal forms The category of perspective Auxiliary verbs Syntax Lexicon 17 Santa Stephen S. Kim 346 Data and sources Segmental phonemes Word structure Word formation Number and case Numerals 347 348 351 351 353 354 355 356 357 359 360 361 362 Pronouns Possessive suffixes Finite verbal forms Non-finite verbal forms Auxiliary verbs Syntax Lexicon 18 Intra-Mongolic taxonomy V o lker Rybatzki 364 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Data and sources </li><li style="flex:1">365 </li></ul>368 375 384 386 Phonological features Morphological features Lexical features Tentative classification 19 Para-Mongolic Juha Janhunen 391 Data and sources The Khitan scripts 392 394 CONTENTS xi Segmental phonemes Numerals Other features 396 399 400 20 Turko-Mongolic relations Claus Schönig 403 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Data and sources </li><li style="flex:1">403 </li></ul>404 407 410 412 415 The historical background Mongolic and Bulghar Turkic Mongolic and Common Turkic The areal network Morphological interaction Index 421 TABLES 1.1 Proto-Mongolic vowels 1.2 Proto-Mongolic consonants 46<ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">1.3 Proto-Mongolic case markers </li><li style="flex:1">14 </li></ul>18 20 21 23 24 25 35 35 45 47 47 50 50 51 52 63 64 67 71 74 75 76 77 86 87 89 91 93 94 94 95 96 105 106 108 111 1.4 Proto-Mongolic personal pronouns 1.5 Proto-Mongolic pronominal correlations 1.6 Proto-Mongolic participle markers 1.7 Proto-Mongolic imperative markers 1.8 Proto-Mongolic finite tense-aspect markers 1.9 Proto-Mongolic converb markers 2.1 Written Mongol vowel letters 2.2 Written Mongol consonant letters 2.3 Written Mongol case markers 2.4 Written Mongol reflexive declension: analytic forms 2.5 Written Mongol reflexive declension: synthetic forms 2.6 Written Mongol imperative markers 2.7 Written Mongol participle markers 2.8 Written Mongol converb markers 2.9 Written Mongol finite tense-aspect markers 3.1 Middle Mongol vowels 3.2 Middle Mongol consonants 3.3 Middle Mongol case markers 3.4 Middle Mongol personal pronouns 3.5 Middle Mongol imperative markers 3.6 Middle Mongol finite tense-aspect markers 3.7 Middle Mongol participle markers 3.8 Middle Mongol converb markers 4.1 Khamnigan Mongol vowels 4.2 Khamnigan Mongol consonants 4.3 Khamnigan Mongol case markers 4.4 Khamnigan Mongol personal pronouns 4.5 Khamnigan Mongol possessive suffixes 4.6 Khamnigan Mongol imperative markers 4.7 Khamnigan Mongol non-finite verbal markers 4.8 Khamnigan Mongol finite tense-aspect markers 4.9 Khamnigan Mongol predicative personal endings 5.1 Buryat vowels 5.2 Buryat consonants 5.3 Buryat case markers 5.4 Buryat personal pronouns xii TABLES xiii 5.5 Buryat possessive suffixes 5.6 Buryat finite verbal markers 5.7 Buryat participle markers 5.8 Buryat converb markers 5.9 Buryat predicative personal endings 6.1 Dagur vowels 112 113 115 116 117 131 132 137 141 142 143 144 145 148 155 156 160 162 164 165 166 166 186 188 195 196 199 202 203 203 204 205 207 212 214 217 219 220 221 224 226 231 231 235 238 240 241 243 244 6.2 Dagur consonants 6.3 Dagur case markers 6.4 Dagur personal pronouns 6.5 Dagur possessive suffixes 6.6 Dagur imperative markers 6.7 Dagur participle markers 6.8 Dagur converb markers 6.9 Dagur predicative personal endings 7.1 Khalkha vowels 7.2 Khalkha consonants 7.3 Khalkha vowel combinations 7.4 Khalkha case markers 7.5 Khalkha personal pronouns 7.6 Khalkha possessive suffixes 7.7 Khalkha finite verbal markers 7.8 Khalkha non-finite verbal markers 8.1 Juu Uda consonants 8.2 Juu Uda vowels 9.1 Ordos vowels 9.2 Ordos consonants 9.3 Ordos case markers 9.4 Ordos personal pronouns 9.5 Ordos possessive suffixes 9.6 Ordos imperative markers 9.7 Ordos participle markers 9.8 Ordos converb markers 9.9 Ordos finite tense-aspect markers 10.1 Spoken Oirat vowels 10.2 Spoken Oirat consonants 10.3 Oirat case markers 10.4 Oirat personal pronouns 10.5 Spoken Oirat possessive suffixes 10.6 Oirat finite verbal markers 10.7 Oirat converb markers 10.8 Spoken Oirat predicative personal endings 11.1 Kalmuck vowels 11.2 Kalmuck consonants 11.3 Kalmuck case markers 11.4 Kalmuck personal pronouns 11.5 Kalmuck possessive suffixes 11.6 Kalmuck imperative markers 11.7 Kalmuck converb markers 11.8 Kalmuck finite tense-aspect markers xiv TABLES 11.9 Kalmuck predicative personal endings 12.1 Moghol vowels 12.2 Moghol consonants 245 251 251 255 257 258 258 259 260 266 267 270 272 274 278 283 289 290 293 295 297 299 300 302 309 309 312 314 315 316 318 327 329 330 333 336 338 339 340 348 349 354 356 357 358 359 387 397 398 12.3 Moghol case markers 12.4 Moghol personal pronouns 12.5 Moghol demonstrative pronouns 12.6 Moghol non-finite verbal markers 12.7 Moghol finite tense-aspect markers 12.8 Moghol predicative personal endings 13.1 Shira Yughur vowels 13.2 Shira Yughur consonants 13.3 Shira Yughur case markers 13.4 Shira Yughur personal pronouns 13.5 Shira Yughur possessive suffixes 13.6 Shira Yughur finite tense-aspect markers 13.7 Shira Yughur negative particles 14.1 Mongghul vowels 14.2 Mongghul consonants 14.3 Mongghul initial clusters 14.4 Mongghul case markers 14.5 Mongghul personal pronouns 14.6 Mongghul finite verbal markers 14.7 Mongghul non-finite verbal markers 14.8 Mongghul perspective markers 15.1 Mangghuer vowels 15.2 Mangghuer consonants 15.3 Mangghuer case markers 15.4 Mangghuer personal pronouns 15.5 Mangghuer non-finite verbal markers 15.6 Mangghuer finite tense-aspect markers 15.7 Mangghuer copulas 16.1 Bonan vowels 16.2 Bonan consonants 16.3 Bonan initial clusters 16.4 Bonan case markers 16.5 Bonan personal pronouns 16.6 Bonan non-finite verbal markers 16.7 Bonan finite tense-aspect markers 16.8 Bonan perspective markers 17.1 Santa vowels 17.2 Santa consonants 17.3 Santa case markers 17.4 Santa personal pronouns 17.5 Santa possessive suffixes 17.6 Santa finite tense-aspect markers 17.7 Santa non-finite verbal markers 18.1 Intra-Mongolic taxonomic relationships 19.1 Pre-Proto-Mongolic consonants 19.2 Para-Mongolic consonants CONTRIBUTORS Ágnes Birtalan is at the Department of Inner Asian Studies, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary. Uwe Bläsing is at the Department of General Linguistics, Leiden University, The Netherlands. Stefan Georg is at the Department of Central Asian Studies, University of Bonn, Germany. Wu Hugjiltu is at the Academy of Mongol Studies, Inner Mongolia University, Huhehaote, China. Juha Janhunen is at the Institute for Asian and African Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland. Stephen S. Kim is at the SIL and the Northwestern Institute of Nationalities, Lanzhou, China. Hans Nugteren is at the Department of Comparative Linguistics, Leiden University, The Netherlands. Volker Rybatzki is at the Institute for Asian and African Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland. Claus Schönig is at the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft Orient-Institut, Istanbul, Turkey. Elena Skribnik is at the Department of Finno-Ugric Studies, University of Munich, Germany. Keith W. Slater is at the SIL and the Northwestern Institute of Nationalities, Lanzhou, China. Jan-Olof Svantesson is at the Department of Linguistics and Phonetics, Lund University, Sweden. Toshiro Tsumagari is at the Faculty of Letters, Northern Culture Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. Michael Weiers is at the Department of Central Asian Studies, University of Bonn, Germany. xv PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This volume offers a survey of Mongolic, one of the major language families of Central and Northeast Asia. The Mongolic languages are spoken over a wide span of the Eurasian continent, extending from the Caspian region in the west to southern and central Manchuria in the east. In the south, the Mongolic territory extends to northern Afghanistan as well as to the Gansu-Qinghai region (Amdo) in northern Tibet, while in the north it comprises the Baikal region and part of the Amur basin. The political and historical centre of gravity of this territory is located on the Mongolian Plateau, a region dominated by steppes and mountains in the heart of Asia. An important feature adjoining the Mongolian Plateau in the south is the Gobi Desert, traditionally considered to mark the physical border between Mongolia and China. The Great Wall of China is a permanent man-made symbol of the Sino-Mongol ethnic boundary. Historically, the Mongols are known as the creators of the largest land empire that has ever existed on earth. The Mongol empire, founded by Chinggis Khan (c.1160–1227), disintegrated almost as rapidly as it had been formed, but during its brief existence it contributed to the history of all regions and civilizations between the Mediterranean and the Yellow Sea. Once only thought to have brought misfortune and destruction to the conquered populations, the historical Mongols have subsequently come to be recognized as unsurpassed strategists, superb organizers, and effective administrators. Their greatest political achievement was perhaps the Yuan dynasty of China (1279–1368), during which Greater China reached its largest territorial extension ever. Of a similar significance was the Ilkhanid dynasty of Persia (1256–1335). It is true, though, that the Mongol rule in the western end of Asia, including Russia, was largely effectuated by the local Turkic populations mobilized by the Mongols. Originally, Mongol was the name of a limited social unit, or a tribe, but since this happened to be the unit from which Chinggis Khan descended, the term was ultimately extended to comprise the entire population which spoke, or came to speak, the same language. With the historical diversification of this language, the entire family of related languages and dialects collectively termed Mongolic arose. Some populations today still keep the common ethnonym, or its variants, and continue to be referred to by names such as Mongol (Mongolian), Mongghul, Mangguer, or Moghol. Most of the Mongolic populations, however, bear different ethnonyms, mainly based on other ancient ethnic or tribal names. Irrespective of their ethnonyms, all speakers of the Modern Mongolic languages may be regarded as more or less direct descendants of the historical Mongols. It has to be emphasized, however, that it is a question of linguistic descent only, while biologically and culturally the modern Mongols have absorbed a multitude of other influences. The mutual relationship of the Mongolic languages is relatively close and, hence, fairly transparent even for the non-specialist. This circumstance leads to a number of problems in the definition of what is a language in the Mongolic context. Basically, we may work with the criterion of mutual intelligibility and define any two mutually xvi

The Mongolic Languages Routledge Language Family Series

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