International Journal of Research and Review DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210849 Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2021 Website: www.ijrrjournal.com Original Research Article E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237 Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Evaluation on the Whole Plant of Pavonia odorata Willd. Neethu Krishnan .S.1, Meera Bhaskaran2, Mohammed Shihab K K3, Fathima Suman P4, Riyama Shirin.V.K5 1,3,4,5Final Year M.Pharm Student, College of Pharmaceutical Science .Gov. Medical College, Kannur, Kerala. 2Lecturer, Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmaceutical Science .Gov. Medical College, Kannur, Kerala. Corresponding Author: Neethu Krishnan .S. ABSTRACT wide range disease since time immemorial. Herbal drugs played in an important role in Pavonia odorata Willd. belonging to the family maintaining health. Traditionally a large Malvaceae is well known for curing a variety of number of medicinal plant parts and their diseases. This study deals with the extract are used as raw drugs and they Pharmacognostical and phytochemical exhibit a wide range of medicinal evaluation of whole plant of Pavonia odorata Willd. The plant is widely used as a cooling, properties. The local communities and folk diaphoretic, diuretic, and demulcent. It is also healers use these collected drugs for local prescribed as an astringent and tonic for fever, use as well as ethnomedicine. Some of these inflammation and hemorrhage. drugs are collected in large quantities and Pharmacognostical studies include macroscopic, used as raw materials by herbal industries.[1] microscopic and physicochemical evaluation of Most of the bioactive phytochemical the whole plant. The transverse section of root, compounds present in plants produce stem and leaves were performed. various physiological activities and may Physicochemical constants showed the values of impart a variety of health benefits such as total ash (4.45%), acid insoluble ash (0.754%), antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory water soluble ash (6%), sulphated ash (6. 5%), or anticancer activity. Herbal medicines nitrated ash (1.65%), hot extraction(10.22%), water soluble extractive (9.2%), ethanol soluble have been used in traditional treatments for extractive (4.8%), ether soluble extractive various human diseases for thousands of (1.2%), loss on drying (25%), swelling index(1) years, and they continue to contribute an and mucilage content(0.25%) w/w. The essential role in providing therapeutic aid preliminary phytochemical screening of the for alleviating the ailments of humankind. alcoholic extract showed presents of alkaloids, The therapeutic benefits are obtained from phenolic compounds, steroids, mucilage and the specific plant compounds; mainly due to flavonoids. The study helps in the development the active constituents of the plants.[2] of standard parameters of the plant which help Pavonia odorata Willd, commonly the identification and authentication of the plant. known as Sugandhabala belongs to the family Malvaceae. The genus Pavonia Keywords: Pavonia odorata Willd., pharmacognostical, phytochemical evaluation, consist of about 70 species .They are erect Medicinal plant drugs, ethnomedicine herb reaches a height of about 45-90cm. P. odorata Willd is widely distributed in Indian subcontinent, Africa, Sri Lanka, INTRODUCTION [3] Medicinal plant drugs have been Pakistan and Myanmar. In India it is used as ethnomedicine for the treatment of mainly found in deciduous forest up to an altitude of 1000 m. Also found in the International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 359 Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2021 Neethu Krishnan .S. et.al. Pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation on the whole plant of pavonia odorata willd. warmer parts like Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Physico-chemical analysis Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Maharashtra Physicochemical parameters like Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu, Uttar moisture content, total ash, water insoluble Pradesh and West Bengal. Pavonia odorata ash, acid insoluble ash, sulphated ash, Willd (Malvaceae) is an indigenous nitrated ash, volatile oil content, alcohol medicinal plant of India that is frequently soluble extractive ,ether soluble extractive, used in Ayurvedic system of medicine as a water soluble extractive ,mucilage content, cooling, diaphoretic, diuretic, and foaming index and swelling index were demulcent .In combination with other plant determined according to the methods cited drugs, it is prescribed as an astringent, tonic in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.[5] for fever, inflammation and hemorrhage. It (Table 1) has been reported for anti- inflammatory, anti-microbial, anticancer, antioxidant, Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis antifungal, antibacterial, antidiabetic, For preliminary phytochemical tests, antiulcer, antitumor immunomodulatory, 35 g powdered material was successively and cardiovascular activity. [4] extracted using Soxhlet apparatus with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethylacetate, MATERIALS AND METHODS methanol and water. The presence of Sample collection, identification and different phytoconstituents viz., alkaloids, preparation carbohydrates, proteins, amino acid. fat and The whole plants of Pavonia odorata oils, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, Wiild were collected from natural habitat in flavonoids, phenol, anthraquinones and and around Wayanad district, Kerala on glycosides were determined using standard January 2020. The plant was identified and procedure.[6-7] (Table 2) authenticated by Dr.P.Sreeja, Dept. of Botany and Research Centre Sir Syed RESULTS AND DISCUSSION College Talipramba, Kannur Kerala, India. Pharmacognostical study The whole plant were washed in clean water Pavonia odorata Willd and shade dried. After drying, it was ground Kingdom - Plantae to yield fine powder for further analyses. Order - Malvales Family - Malvaceae Preliminary Pharmacognostical study Sub family - Malvoideae Macroscopy-The various parts like leaves, Tribe - Hibisceae stem, and root of Pavonia odorata Willd Genus - Pavonia was studied individually for its Species - Pavonia odorata morphological characters such as color, odor, taste, shape, size, etc. Macroscopic Evaluation Microscopy-The transverse section of leaf, The characters recorded are stem and root of the plant were taken and described below. photographs were done. The parts were Leaf – They are 3-5lobed, ovate in shape. properly mounted and stained according to Size 2.5-7.5cm. The lower ones are entire, the standard procedure. The microscopic stellate hairy on both surfaces, lower features of the powder of whole plant were petioles are usually longer than the blades also done. For examining the cell structures Mild aromatic and bitter in taste. in powder form, the powder was treated Root – they are of diverse sizes, surface are with chloral hydrate and stained with rough and brown. Cork is peelable, musk phluroglucinol and Hcl, mounted with like aromatic odour. glycerin and observed under Scanning Stem – they are viscously covered with Electron Microscope. pubescence and short hairs .Odourless and slightly bitter in taste. International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 360 Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2021 Neethu Krishnan .S. et.al. Pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation on the whole plant of pavonia odorata willd. Microscopy grains and druses. A few raphides are also Root present. Discontinuous layer of A transverse section of the root sclerenchymatous cells forming the shows a thin zone composed of phellem, pericyclic fiber. Vascular bundles without a phellogen and phelloderm. The cork is bundle cap or limiting layer radial with composed of 6to 12 layered, thin walled, xylem and phloem alternating with each irregular in shape, filled with brown color other, cambium inconspicuous. Many cell content, rich in starch and druses. bundles embedded in the parenchymatous Cortex collenchymatous cells are circular to tissue, xylem interspersed with uniseriate oval with thick intercellular spaces. Cortex and triseriate medullary rays. The pith is consists of abundant agglomerated starch absent. Figure 1 T.S. of root Figure 2 T.S. of root Stem consists of xylem and phloem. Xylem is The epidermis is composed of a seen distant as large vessels, covered with single layer of rectangular closely-packed phloem cells and appear as concentric cells. The unicellular non-glandular vascular bundle arrangement. The trichomes occur on stem as epidermal medullary rays are alternately arranged with outgrowths. Pink color indicates the vascular bundle. Above the vascular bundle presence of lignified cells. Lignified fibers cambium is seen. Central position is pith are present in groups. Vascular bundle filled with parenchymatous cells. Figure 3 T.S. of stem Figure 4 T.S. of stem Leaf packed cells. Stomata are present in upper The section of leaf is bilateral .The and lower epidermis. Due to the abundant upper and lower epidermis is composed of a presence of trichomes they are not distant. single layer of rectangular and tightly- The epidermis of the cells is covered with International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 361 Vol.8; Issue: 8; August 2021 Neethu Krishnan .S. et.al. Pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation on the whole plant of pavonia odorata willd. thick cuticle. The mesophyll consists of vascular bundle with the large xylem tightly arranged palliside cells with lower surrounded by the phloem cells. lying spongy parenchyma. The midrib Parenchyma cells are filled in the midrib consists of collenchyma lying below the region. Trichomes