The ANU Undergraduate Research Journal Volume Five 2013 The ANU Undergraduate Research Journal Volume Five 2013 Published by ANU eView The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://eview.anu.edu.au Email: [email protected] Web: http://aurj.anu.edu.au/ ISSN 1836-5331 (print) ISSN 1837-2872 (online) Cover design by Nic Welbourn and layout by ANU eView Front cover art by Estelita Rae. Leaf Pattern no. 6, 2013. Photographer: Brenton McGeachie. Back cover art by Cecelia Heazlewood. Echo, 2013. Photographer: David Paterson. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Opinions published in the ANU Undergraduate Research Journal do not necessarily represent those of The Australian National University, or the Editors. This edition © 2013 ANU eView Contents Foreword . .vii From the Editors . ix List of Subeditors . xi List of Authors . xiii List of Reviewers . xxi Cover Art . xxvii The Breaking of the ‘Great Australian Silence’: How and Why the Writing of Indigenous Australian History has Changed over the Last 40 Years . 1 Caroline Beasley Heritability Estimates of Complex Intelligence and Associated Genetics . 15 Nyomi Bourbous Tradition and the Art of Modern India . 25 Kieran Browne The Promise and Failure of King Amanullah’s Modernisation Program in Afghanistan . 35 Andrew Chua Mechanistic Explanation: Some Limits and their Significance . 51 Dominie Dessaix Dependent Yet Defiant: The Implications of Unilateralism in Iraqi Kurdistan . 61 Sebastian Klich Classification of Arid & Semi-Arid Areas: A Case Study in Western Australia . 79 Guy Leech Framing Gender Inequality: Millennium Development Goal 3 and the Post-2015 Agenda . 101 William Lutwyche Domestic and Sexual Violence Related Asylum Claims in the Refugee Review Tribunal . 115 Amanda Joyce Neilson A Genuine Collaboration in Text and Music: L’Enfant et les sortilèges (The Child and the Enchantments) . 129 Susan Yuan Wen Nheu A Rock Amidst Turbulent Waters: China’s Resilient Centre and its Machiavellian Management of Protests and Petitions . 145 Sam Osborne Was there a Political Dimension to the Irish Rockite Movement of 1821 to 1824? . 155 Rebecca Preston Mainstreaming Restorative Justice in South Australia’s Criminal Justice System: A Response to the Over-Representation of Indigenous Offenders . 169 Alexandra Smith Officer-Facilitated Homicide: Assessing the Deaths of Mentally Ill Offenders as a Result of Police Practices . 187 Benjamin A Smith Persistent Levels of Poverty in India: Urgent Action Needed to End Suffering . 201 Harita Sridhar Gender-based Differences in Complimenting Behaviour: A Critical Literature Review . 213 Nan Sun Women’s Resistance Efforts in Nazi Germany 1939–45: HerStory . 223 Jillian Wales Comparing the Energy Consumption of Logistics Chains in Traditional Retailing and E-commerce for Popular Products in the Context of China . 243 Wenjia Wang Sanitary Paper Consumption: A Material Stocks and Flows Analysis at Fenner Hall, 2012 . 269 Huan Zheng, Yale Wong Foreword Welcome to the 2013 edition of the ANU Undergraduate Research Journal (AURJ). It is a pleasure to see our undergraduate students publish with such depth and breadth. I am always impressed by the range of disciplines represented in this outstanding journal. In the following pages you will read about how the online movement has profoundly influenced the logistics and energy consumption of shopping, Nyomi Bourbous looks into the heritability of intelligence, and Jillian Wales presents some fascinating case studies of women’s dissidence in Nazi Germany. Other topics include the justice system, modernisation in Afghanistan, poverty in India, and even a detailed study of toilet paper usage by the residents of Fenner Hall. I hope you will delight, as I do, in the quality and real-world relevance of the research presented here. Professor Ian Young AO Vice-Chancellor and President vii From the Editors We were both impressed and somewhat dismayed as we sifted our way through the various submissions to the ANU Undergraduate Research Journal (AURJ) 2013. Impressed at the quality and depth of the research being conducted by our undergraduate peers; dismayed that we had to turn away so many quality manuscripts. We invite readers to discover the breadth of the research being undertaken at the ANU, exhibited herein in the diversity and range of subjects explored in this volume. The multifaceted nature of the ANU research is clearly illustrated, with offerings from international politics, music, historical resistance movements, the environmental efficiency of online shopping and, closer to home, the use of sanitary paper in one of the University’s residential halls. We congratulate the students for their excellent work, and their commitment and tenacity as they proceeded through the review process. We trust that they have been provided with valuable experience for their future career paths, wherever they may lead. We thank the numerous reviewers who gave their time to offer comments and constructive criticism to the authors, ensuring that the end results would be of the highest possible quality. Particular thanks go to the reviewers that offered to mentor the students through the process of revising their manuscripts. Thanks also to our excellent team of subeditors, whose work has ensured the smooth running of the review process to a tight timeframe. We also thank the Vice-Chancellor, Professor Ian Young, and Professor Richard Baker, the Pro Vice-Chancellor Student Experience for their support for AURJ. Thanks to Stefan Nesteroff, Project Coordinator, for his guidance and encouragement, and to ANU Press for their advice and support. We have enjoyed collating these pages and the opportunity this afforded us to be exposed to ideas and issues beyond our own niches. We hope that readers will also enjoy this foray into work that reflects and bolsters ANU’s reputation for high calibre research. Kazi Rahman, Kaveenda Samarasinghe, Sarah Tynan AURJ 2013 Editorial Team ix List of Subeditors Shea Andrews Daniel Wei Boon Chua Christina Delay Emily Duthie Amanda Edworthy Sara Perley Isabel Roper Tennille Sibbritt Dinar Thalieb Anna Tsalapatanis xi List of Authors Caroline Beasley Caroline moved to Canberra from Tasmania to study Arts/Law in 2011. Her interest in Australian history led her to explore the way in which Indigenous Australians have so often been excluded from the Australian story. She is also interested in the status of Indigenous peoples in Australia from a legal perspective, and is looking forward to continuing her involvement with the ANU Law School’s Ready 4 Recognition group after coming back from exchange at Trinity College Dublin in July 2014. She hopes to pursue an honours project in this area in the future. Email: [email protected] Nyomi Bourbous Science in general has always intrigued Nyomi, but when she first came to the ANU she had no idea of the field in which she wanted to specialise. In her first and second years Nyomi was introduced to genetics and was hooked, believing that she had found her calling. In addition, she is also interested in evolutionary theory specifically pertaining to humans. She is currently in her final undergraduate year and has aspirations to complete honours in biological anthropology next year. She adores studying and acquiring new knowledge and it is her aspiration that one day she may be able to carry out her own research. Email: [email protected] Kieran Browne Kieran is in his final semester of a Bachelor of Digital Arts. His research has been concerned with the intersection of art and science and the globalisation of modern art theory in the latter part of the twentieth century. He is interested in historical and non-Western art theories, especially that of Indian and ‘oriental’ modernisms that have been ‘discovered’ by Western art discourse in recent years. His art practice and development of a theoretical framework owes much to the expansion of art discourse. Kieran hopes to continue working as a practising artist after his university studies. Email: [email protected] xiii The ANU Undergraduate Research Journal Andrew Chua Andrew graduated from the ANU with a Bachelor of Arts in July 2013, majoring in political science and ancient history. Andrew will be starting Bachelor of Arts (Honours) program from February 2014, with his thesis based on the politics of state-building in the Occupied Territories. Email: [email protected] Dominie Dessaix Dominie is a third-year Bachelor of Arts student, majoring in linguistics and philosophy. Her main interests are philosophy of mind and psychology, cognitive science, philosophy of science, and philosophy of language. She is fascinated by questions involving interdisciplinary work, or that have answers bearing on work done in many disciplines. Some of these questions are the nature of explanation, consciousness, and the role of language in what makes human activity unique. Dominie is also interested in how findings from linguistics might inform, and perhaps ‘naturalise’, the philosophy of language, and how the biological sciences might interact with linguistics, philosophy, and the humanities more generally. She hopes to begin honours mid-semester 2014, either single honours in philosophy, or combined honours in philosophy and linguistics. Email: [email protected] Sebastian Klich Sebastian is an international relations honours student specialising in Middle Eastern studies. His thesis uses a constructivist framework to analyse the identity and contested sovereignty of the Kurdistan region in northern Iraq, hence he chose to focus on the strategic and regional implications of the Kurdistan Regional Government’s unilateral natural resource management for this essay. After completing honours he hopes to complete a PhD at the ANU, conducting research into how social theory in international relations can provide a better understanding of how unrecognised states function in international society.