Notes INTRODUCTION l. Field-Marshal Viscount Allenby, 1861-1936. C-in-C, Egyptian Expeditionary Force, 1917-19. High Commissioner, Egypt, 1919-25. 2. Viscount Samuel, 1870-1963. Liberal MP, 1902-18, 1929-35. Horne Secretary, 1916 and 1931-2. High Commissioner and C-in-C, Palestine and Trans-Jordan, 1920-5. For a summary of the historical background and the diplomatie aspects of the First World War leading to the adoption of the Mandate, see Chapters land II of the Report of the Palestine Royal Commission (London: HMSO, 1937), Cmd. 5479. The report is commonly known as the Peel report, after its chairman Earl Peel (William Robert WeIJesley). Hereinafter referred to as the Peel Commission report. 3. The Treaty of Preferential Alliance between the United Kingdom and Iraq is reproduced in 1. C. Hurewitz, The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics, Vol. 2 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1979), 2nd edn., rev., pp. 421-4. Iraq entered the League of Nations in 1932, sponsored by Britain. 4. See Philip S. Khoury, 'Divided Loyalties? Syria and the Question of Palestine, 1919-1939', Middle Eastern Studies, July 1985; Khoury, Syria and the French Mandate (London: I. B. Tauris, 1987); Stephen Hemsley Longrigg, Syria and Lebanon under the French Mandate (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958), pp. 215-19. 5. See Leonard Stein, The Balfour Declaration (Jerusalem-London: The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University and Jewish Chronicle Publieations, 1983); Isaiah Friedman, The Ouestion of Palestine, 1914-1918 (London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973); Verete, M., 'The Balfour Declaration and its Makers', Middle Eastern Studies, January 1970; David Vital, Zionism: The Crucial Phase (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987); C. J. Lowe and M. L. Dockrill, The Mirage of Power, British Foreign Policy 1902 -1922, 3 vols (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972). 6. AIR 5/586, Appendix I of CID Paper No. 199-C, 2 July 1923, p. 2. 7. Ibid., Appendix III, p. 4. 8. Ibid., Appendix 11, p. 3 9. Ibid., Appendix IV, p. 6. 10. Ibid., CID, Standing Defenee Sub-Committee, extraet from Minutes of 35th meeting, 12 July 1923. The Chief of the Imperial General Staff, General the Earl of Cavan, did not eonsider that Palestine had much strategie value, except that 'if the British administration was with­ drawn the Turks would in alJ probability return at onee, and unrest would ensue throughout' the region. But the First Sea Lord, Admiral of the Fleet Earl Beatty, saw the ports of Palestine in relation to the 228 Notes 229 defence of the Canal, which was the 'essential thing ... and nothing should be allowed to interfere with that'. 11. Ibid. The proposal was to eliminate the garrison, which consisted of one Indian cavalry regiment and one Indian infantry battalion, by I September 1923, and to raise the size of the 'white gendarmerie' to IOOOmen. 12. AIR 511251, Palestine and Trans-Jordan Defence Scheme 1934, p. 9, f. 18. \3. See Tudor Parfitt, The Jews in Palestine 1800-1882 (Royal Historical Society, The BoydelI Press, 1987), Chs 11 and 12; and Yosef Gomy, Zionism and the Arabs 1882-1948, (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1987), pp. \3-25. 14. Lieut.-Col. Sir John Chancellor, 1870-1952. Govemor and C-in-C, Mauritius 1911-16, Trinidad and Tobago, 1916-21, and Southem Rhodesia, 1923-28. High Commissioner and C-in-C, Palestine and Trans-Jordan, 1928-31. 15. Field-Marshal Viscount Plumer, 1857-1932. Govemor and C-in-C, Malta, 1919-24. High Commissioner and C-in-C Palestine and Trans­ Jordan, 1925-28. 16. Rhodes House, Oxford University, Chancellor Papers, Box lI/I, f. 17. 17. However, there was also a more militant view, expressed by the Revisionist Zionist minority, which considered conflict inevitable. See Gomy, op. cit., Ch. 6. The dash between this view and mainstream Zionism is discussed infra, Chapter 10. 18. General Sir Arthur Wauchope, 1874-1947. Chief of British Seetion, Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control, Berlin, 1924-27. GOC, Territorial Army, Horne Counties (1927 - 29), Northem Ireland (1929-31). High Commissioner and C-in-C, Palestine and Trans­ Jordan, 1931-38. 19. A copy of it is in FO 141/688/7238. 20. Responsibility for the previous military administration had been shared by the War Office, which executed policy, and the Foreign Office, which issued the guidelines WO 32/9614. For a discussion of the military occupation, 1917 -20, see Bemard Wasserstein, The British in Palestine (Royal Historical Society, 1978; 2nd edn, Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), Chs 1-3. 21. Arab leaders subsequently refused to accept the Govemment's offer to enlarge the Advisory Council with appointed representatives of the communities; and they rejected a proposal to establish an Arab Agency, analogous to the Jewish Agency. See White Paper of October 1930, Cmd 3530, para. 11. 22. Bentwich, 'The Legislation of Palestine, 1918-1925', Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law (London), Third Series, Vol. VIII, part I, 1926, pp. 10-\3; and 'The Legal System of Palestine Under the Mandate', Middle East Journal, Vol. 11, 1948, pp. 33-9. See also paragraph 46 of the Palestine order in Council, 1922, in FO 1411688/7238. Regarding the influence of English Common Law, see Norman and Helen Bentwich, Mandate Memories 1918-1948 (London: Hogarth Press, 1965), pp. 205-6. 230 Notes 23. Samuel's report, Colonial no. 15, quoted in Bentwich, 1926, p. 10. 24. Bentwich, 1926, p. 13. English principles of evidence were used in eivil cases as weil. The Executive Council was aided in procedural reform by 'the example of Cyprus where, as in Palestine, a British Administration has supervened upon an Ottoman regime'. Ibid. 25. Ibid., pp. 13-14; FO 141/688/7238 EI5699/l1813/44. Samuel to Foreign Secretary Lord Curzon, 29 November 1920, enclosure no. I. There was a right of appeal beyond the Supreme Court to the Privy Court in England in substantial eivil cases. There was no such right in criminal cases, though the Privy Council could decide to grant leave to appeal if there was evidence of a miscarriage of justice. (Bentwich, 1948, p. 42.) Such leave was difficult to obtain; for example, the Privy Council refused to consider appeals from the criminal cases involving capital sentences after the 1929 riots. 26. Bentwich, 1926, p. 14. 27. Bentwich, 1948, p. 42. 28. Bentwich, Mandate Memories, p. 201. 29. Bentwich, 1926, p. 19. It should be noted that for Christians and Jews, but not for Muslims, concurrent jurisdiction of eivil courts was estab­ lished. The Muslim religious courts had exclusive jurisdiction. 30. Peel Commission report, p. 178. The charitable funds totalled f.67 000 a year, and the orphan funds amounted to an additional f.500 000 annually. The Mufti supervised these funds. It may be noted that the Muslim Orphanage Press was banned after the riots of 1929 for raeist propaganda. 31. For brief summary of the career and inftuence of Haj Amin al Husseini, see Peel Commission report, pp. 177-81. See also Y. Porath, The Emergence oJ the Palestinian-Arab National Movement 1918-1929 (London: Frank Cass, 1974), Vol. I, pp. 307-8; Wasserstein, op.eit., 2nd edn, pp. 98 -10 I; and Philip Mattar, The Mufti oJ Jerusalem: Al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni and the Palestine National Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988). 32. Peel Commission report, pp. 279-80. 33. S. Ilan Troen, 'Establishing a Zionist Metropolis; Alternative Approaches to Building Tel Aviv', Journal oJ Urban History, Vol. 18, no. I, 1991, pp. 13,22. 34. CO 821/13, 9971Z, Palestine Blue Book 1938, 'Statistical Summary of the Progress of Palestine' from 1922 to 1938, p. iii; and p. 267 re public finance. See also J. C. Hurewitz, The Struggle Jor Palestine (New York, Greenwood: 1968, reprinted), p. 30. 35. Troen, op.eit., p. 11. The liberal Meir Dizengoff held the position of Mayor ofTel Aviv from 1911 to 1937, except for the years 1926-28. 36. David Ben-Gurion, 1886-1973. Soeialist Zionist politieian, secretary­ general of the Histadrut from 1921, member of the Zionist and Jewish Agency Executive from 1933, chairman of the Jewish Agency Executive 1935-48. First Prime Minister of Israel, 1948-53. He became Prime Minister again from 1955 to 1963. Dr Chaim Weizmann, 1874-1952. Chemist and Zionist leader. Head of the Zionist Commission to Palestine, 1918; President of the World Notes 231 Zionist Organization 1920-31, 1935-46; President of the Jewish Agency for Palestine from 1929. First President of Israel, 1949-52. 37. Vladimir Jabotinsky, 1880-1940. Founder Betar, 1925. President of World Union of Zionist Revisionists, 1925-36. President of the New Zionist Organization from 1935. 38. See Anita Shapira, 'Did the Zionist Leadership foresee the Holocaust?', in Yehuda Reinharz (ed.), Living with Antisemitism. Modern lewish Responses (Hanover and London: Brandeis University Press/University Presses of New England, 1987). See also Dina Porat, The Blue and Yellow Stars of David (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990), for a detailed assessment of the leadership of the Yishuv during the Holocaust. 39. PREM 11102, f. 227, Colonial Office memorandum on Palestine: 'The Land Question', 20 June 1930. 40. Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error, the autobiography of Chaim Weizmann (London, Hamilton, 1949), p. 414. 41. Viscount Swinton, I Remember (London: Hutchinson, 1948), p. 81. 42. Ibid., p. 80. See also G. Sheffer, Policy Making and British Policies Towards Palestine 1929-1939, unpublished Ph.D thesis, Oxford University, 1970, pp. 119-20. 43. See Bemard Wasserstein, Britain and the lews of Europe 1939-1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), and Ronald W. Zweig, Britain and Palestine During the Second World War (Royal Historical Society, BoydelI Press, 1986).