Advances in PARASITOLOGY VOLUME 71 SERIES EDITORS D. ROLLINSON Department of Zoology The Natural History Museum London, UK S.I. HAY Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Group Tinbergen Building Department of Zoology University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS, UK EDITORIAL BOARD M. COLUZZI Department of Public Health Sciences, Section of Parasitology ‘Ettore Biocca’ ‘Sapienza – Universita` di Roma’, 00185 Roma, Italy C. COMBES Laboratoire de Biologie Animale, Universite´ de Perpignan, Centre de Biologie et d’Ecologie Tropicale et Me´diterrane´enne, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France D.D. DESPOMMIER Division of Tropical Medicine and Environmental Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA J.J. SHAW Instituto de Cieˆncias Biome´dicas, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, 05508-990, Cidade Universita´ria, Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brazil K. TANABE Laboratory of Malariology, International Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan Advances in PARASITOLOGY VOLUME 71 Edited by D. ROLLINSON Department of Zoology The Natural History Museum Cromwell Road London, UK S.I. HAY Department of Zoology University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford, UK AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 32 Jamestown Road, London, NW1 7BY, UK 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands First edition 2010 Copyright # 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechani- cal, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science& Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (þ44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (þ44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http:// elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. ISBN: 978-0-12-381512-5 ISSN: 0065-308X For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at www.elsevierdirect.com Printed and bound in UK 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Contributors vii Preface ix 1. Cryptosporidiosis in Southeast Asia: What’s out There? 1 Yvonne A. L. Lim, Aaron R. Jex, Huw V. Smith, and Robin B. Gasser 1.1. Introduction 2 1.2. Background on Southeast Asia 4 1.3. Conclusions and Recommendations 21 Acknowledgements 24 References 24 2. Human Schistosomiasis in the Economic Community of West African States: Epidemiology and Control 33 He´le`ne Mone´, Moudachirou Ibikounle´, Achille Massougbodji, and Gabriel Mouahid 2.1. Introduction 34 2.2. The Schistosomiasis Control Initiative 37 2.3. Other Countries 48 2.4. Conclusions and Perspective 77 Acknowledgements 81 References 81 3. The Rise and Fall of Human Oesophagostomiasis 93 A. M. Polderman, M. Eberhard, S. Baeta, Robin B. Gasser, L. van Lieshout, P. Magnussen, A. Olsen, N. Spannbrucker, J. Ziem, and J. Horton 3.1. Oesophagostomes of Pigs, Ruminants and Monkeys 96 3.2. Oesophagostomum Infections in Man 100 3.3. Diagnosis 112 3.4. Epidemiology 118 3.5. Clinical Epidemiology 127 3.6. Zoonotic Characteristics 131 v vi Contents 3.7. Treatment and Control 136 3.8. Discussion 140 Acknowledgements 150 References 150 Index 157 Contents of Volumes in This Series 163 Color Plate Section at the end of the Book CONTRIBUTORS S. Baeta De´partement de Gyne´cologie Obste´trique, Universite´ de Lome´, Lome´, Togo M. Eberhard Division of Parasitic Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Robin B. Gasser Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia J. Horton School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana Moudachirou Ibikounle´ De´partement de Zoologie et Ge´ne´tique, Faculte´ des Sciences et Techniques, Universite´ d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Be´nin Aaron R. Jex Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia Yvonne A.L. Lim Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia P. Magnussen DBL Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorevaldsensvej, Frederiksberg C, Denmark Achille Massougbodji Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculte´ des Sciences de la Sante´, Universite´ d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Be´nin vii viii Contributors He´le`ne Mone´ Laboratoire de Biologie et d’Ecologie Tropicale et Me´diterrane´enne, UMR 5244 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Universite´ de Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France Gabriel Mouahid Laboratoire de Biologie et d’Ecologie Tropicale et Me´diterrane´enne, UMR 5244 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Universite´ de Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France A. Olsen DBL Centre for Health Research and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorevaldsensvej, Frederiksberg C, Denmark A.M. Polderman Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Huw V. Smith Scottish Parasite Diagnostic Laboratory, Stobhill Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom N. Spannbrucker Board of Public Health Neuruppin, c/o Bismarckstrasse 6, Bonn, Germany L. van Lieshout Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands J. Ziem 24 The Paddock, Hitchin, United Kingdom PREFACE This volume opens with a comprehensive review of Cryptosporidiosis in Southeast Asia by Yvonne Lim of the University of Malaya and colleagues. Although well understood in high-income nations, the epidemiology and socioeconomic impact of these enteric diseases in Southeast Asia is not so well appreciated. The authors succeed in highlighting the scale of the problem with a penetrating review of the regional literature, from which they also highlight some of the key operational and research challenges that will need to be overcome to effectively control Cryptosporidiosis in the region. The second chapter by He´le`ne Mone´ based at the University of Per- pignan and colleagues is a detailed overview of the epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Given that ECOWAS represents 15 countries and around 30% of the total population of the African continent, there is a considerable wealth of literature relating to schistosomiasis and transmis- sion across diverse ecological landscapes. Control activities are progres- sing at different rates in the member countries and this detailed analysis of the situation will provide an excellent foundation on which to build further integrated control efforts. The authors stress the need for greater interaction between engineers, health experts and educationalists as countries move towards sustainable control of schistosomiasis. We are very pleased to include the final chapter by Ton Polderman of the Leiden University Medical Centre and colleagues on human infec- tions of Oesophagostomum. This contribution provides a fascinating account of an unusual intestinal parasite and the consequences of infec- tion in man, paying particular attention to studies in Ghana and Togo. Over the last 20 years or so, various clinical, epidemiological and molecu- lar studies have helped to unravel the biology of this intriguing helminth parasite and the pathology caused by infection. Successful control is possible and for the time being it seems that transmission in northern Ghana may have ceased. D. ROLLINSON AND S. I. HAY ix This page intentionally left blank CHAPTER 1 Cryptosporidiosis in Southeast Asia: What’s out There? Yvonne A.L. Lim,* Aaron R. Jex,† Huw V. Smith,‡ and Robin B. Gasser† Contents 1.1. Introduction 2 1.2. Background on Southeast Asia 4 1.2.1. Cambodia 5 1.2.2. Indonesia 11 1.2.3. Laos 12 1.2.4. Malaysia 13 1.2.5. Myanmar 15 1.2.6. The Philippines 16 1.2.7. Singapore 16 1.2.8. Thailand 17 1.2.9. Vietnam 20 1.2.10. Brunei Darussalam and East Timor 21 1.3. Conclusions and Recommendations 21 Acknowledgements 24 References 24 Abstract Cryptosporidiosis is a socioeconomically important, enteric disease caused by a group of protozoan parasites of the genus Cryptospo- ridium. The significant morbidity and mortality in animals and humans caused by this disease as well as its considerable impact on the water industry have made its prevention and control a global challenge, particularly given that there are presently no widespread, affordable or effective treatment or vaccination * Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia { Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia { Scottish Parasite Diagnostic Laboratory, Stobhill Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom Advances in Parasitology,