isakeitANDY.qxd 21-05-2007 13:54 Pagina 26 isakeitANDY.qxd 21-05-2007 13:54 Pagina 27 Astrolab / Celsius Dieter Isakeit Head, Erasmus Centre, Directorate of Human Spaceflight, Microgravity & Exploration, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands he landing of Space Shuttle Discovery in December 2006 marked the end of two Tsuccessful ESA missions: Thomas Reiter’s 171-day ‘Astrolab’ and Christer Fuglesang’s 13-day ‘Celsius’. These were the first in a new series of ESA missions to the International Space Station (ISS), as Europe fulfils its duty as a fully-fledged partner, contributing to assembly and maintenance of the space outpost. Introduction Thomas Reiter and Christer Fuglesang This issue of the ESA Bulletin undertook a wide range of work in orbit includesincludes aa specialspecial setset ofof extras.extras. as Russian Expedition and NASA Accompanying this article is a DVD of Shuttle crewmembers, respectively. The highlights from the Astrolab mission, ESA programme of scientific, technical includingincluding aa stereoscopicstereoscopic filmfilm andand images.images. and educational experiments was highly These can be viewed on a standard television successful. Astrolab and Celsius were or computer through the provided glasses. At good opportunities to promote ESA’s thethe endend ofof thisthis articlearticle isis aa selectionselection ofof 3-D3-D human spaceflight programme to the imagesimages fromfrom AstrolabAstrolab andand Celsius.Celsius. Finally, Finally, a a 3-D3-D general public, media and political and poster shows the appearance of the industrial decision-makers. InternationalInternational SpaceSpace StationStation whenwhen itit isis Furthermore, Astrolab involved the completed in 2010. ESA mission management, integration and operations teams for the ISS, TheThe stereoscopicstereoscopic imagesimages werewere producedproduced byby Astrolab’sAstrolab’s providing them with valuable hands-on ‘Erasmus‘Erasmus RecordingRecording Binocular’Binocular’ experimentexperiment andand areare protectedprotected byby thethe ESAESA HumanHuman SpaceflightSpaceflight datadata experience before the missions of ESA’s policypolicy rules.rules. own spacecraft and Station elements, esa bulletin 130 - may 2007 27 isakeitANDY.qxd 21-05-2007 13:54 Pagina 28 Human Spaceflight particularly the Columbus module and the main tasks for the combined crews Crew Exchange the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) was transferring items between the Atlantis departed on 17 September and this year. Station, Shuttle and the Leonardo multi- made way for Soyuz-TMA 9 three days purpose logistics module (MPLM, in later with Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Flight Engineer and Mission Specialist the Shuttle cargo bay). The MPLM acts Tyurin and NASA astronaut Michael Although the experiments by Reiter and as a cargo container for the ISS, ferrying Lopez-Alegria, accompanied by Iranian- Fuglesang were important, the emphasis experiments and crew supplies from and born US citizen Anousheh Ansari as the of both missions was on their roles as ISS to Earth. first female ‘spaceflight participant’. Flight Engineer and Shuttle Mission Once unloaded, Leonardo was repacked Together with Thomas Reiter, Lopez- Specialist, respectively. with 2 t of experiment results, unused Alegria and Tyurin formed the new On 6 July 2006, Discovery docked with Station items and waste material for Expedition-14 crew, with Lopez-Alegria the ISS and Reiter and his six colleagues return to Earth. Reiter was closely as Commander and Tyurin as Flight were welcomed by the Station’s crew of involved in this work. This experience is Engineer. Expedition-13’s Vinogradov Commander Pavel Vinogradov (Russia) very useful to ESA in preparing for and Williams left on 28 September, with and Flight Engineer Jeffrey Williams similar operations when its own resupply Ansari, in Soyuz-TMA 8 and landed (NASA). The pair had been aboard as craft, ATV Jules Verne, visits the Station safely in Kazakhstan. Expedition-13 since their arrival in the later in 2007. Russian Soyuz-TMA 8 spacecraft in While Reiter remained aboard the More Cargo Arriving March 2006. Reiter became the third Station, his Shuttle colleagues left on On 10 October, the resident trio boarded member of Expedition-13, marking the 15 July and landed safely in Florida on their Soyuz to transfer it from the Zvezda return to a permanent crew of three after 17 July. rear docking port to the forward Zarya the reduction in May 2003 as a result of position. The flight itself took less than the Columbia accident. Shuttle Mission STS-115 half an hour, but it required them to go After the docking of Discovery, one of The next Shuttle, Atlantis, arrived at the through the same lengthy procedure as if Station on 11 September 2006. Three they were leaving for good. Before Wearing a Russian Sokol pressure suit, Reiter checks the seat fit spacewalks installed the ‘P3/P4’ entering the Soyuz in their Russian Sokol in the Soyuz-TMA8 spacecraft assembly, a new 14 m-long segment of pressure suits, they had to switch the ISS Truss with a set of solar wings Station systems to standby in case some spanning more than 70 m. problem forced them to return to Earth. The new solar array doubled the The Soyuz repositioning freed up the available energy on the Station to docking port used for the unmanned 60 kW, preparing for the Columbus and Progress-M 58 ferry on 26 October, which Japanese Kibo laboratory modules. brought more than 2 t of fresh supplies, However, the new assembly could not including fuel, water, oxygen, food, spare produce power immediately, since the parts, life-support system components electrical connections on the Truss and experiment hardware. needed to be rerouted; this was a task The new arrival was the twenty-third for upcoming Shuttle mission STS-116. Progress to visit the ISS – a new one visits every 4–5 months. Its predecessor Fuglesang moves his EVA suit into Destiny as he prepares for his first spacewalk remained docked to the Pirs port until 17 January 2007 to provide additional storage space. Operations and Maintenance Station operations and maintenance took up a considerable proportion of Reiter’s time. In his role as Flight Engineer in the Expedition-13 and -14 crews, he carried out numerous tasks to operate and maintain system equipment in the US and Russian elements of the ISS. This included inspection, reconfiguration and repair, if necessary. He had been in training for this work since 2001. 28 esa bulletin 130 - may 2007 www.esa.int isakeitANDY.qxd 21-05-2007 13:54 Pagina 29 Astrolab / Celsius European Mission Control Astrolab was the first time that a European control centre was used for a long-duration ISS mission. ESA set up a dedicated European Payload Operations Centre (EPOC) to coordinate space and ground experiment and payload operations, and to monitor the activities of Thomas Reiter on the ISS. EPOC was based at the Columbus Control Centre in Oberpfaffenhofen near Munich (D). It was the hub of European activity and the ESA control centre for the duration of Astrolab and Celsius. It reacted to any changes during the missions, coordinating decisions and estab- lishing priorities when these changes interfered with the experiment programmes. Any issues arising were coordinated closely with the mission control centres of NASA in Houston and Roscosmos in Moscow, and with NASA’s Operations Support Centre in Huntsville, which is responsible for the experiment activities in the Station’s US segment. ESA’s Crew Medical Support Office at the European Astronaut Centre (EAC) in Cologne (D) was staffed by medical doctors and biomedical engineers to provide Reiter and Fuglesang with medical advice and monitoring aboard the ISS. A team of specialists worked on the mission The ISS and STS-116 crews enjoy a meal together consoles 13 hours every day to support Reiter in orbit, starting and ending their work around His responsibilities included the including Fuglesang and Reiter, bade the daily morning and evening planning Russian docking mechanisms, guidance their farewells. Discovery touched down conference between US, European and and control systems, environmental in Florida on 22 December. Russian mission controllers and ISS astronauts. ESA Operations Manager (ESA control and life-support systems, safety astronaut Reinhold Ewald) and four ESA equipment, power control and communi- The Legacies of Astrolab and Celsius Operations Directors organised the daily cations systems, crew health equipment The two missions served to promote operations for the ESA experiment programme and logistics management, including the human spaceflight in Europe. This was and ensured that Reiter received the food supplies and waste. achieved through the distribution of necessary support from the ground team. When Fuglesang arrived aboard comprehensive information material, Six ‘Eurocom’ European astronauts led by STS-116 on 11 December 2006, it was the promotional campaigns, events and Claude Nicollier were in charge of all communications with Reiter. They worked first time that two ESA astronauts had exhibitions throughout Europe, and mainly from EPOC but could also worked aboard the Station together. special events when participants could communicate with the Station from EAC. Most of Fuglesang’s time was taken up talk to Reiter and Fuglesang in space. EPOC was responsible for coordinating the with Station assembly tasks, but his role With an average of one call per week, work of the various User Support and as a NASA Mission Specialist included Reiter was able to hold 22 video