Review of the 1+3 Training Model Final Report for ESRC Training and Development Board Jonathan Spencer with Tony Coxon, Phil Hawkins, Christine Howe, Anne Jepson, Ingrid Lunt, David Mills, Joan Orme May 2007 Contents 1 Executive Summary............................................................................................4 2 Introduction ........................................................................................................2 3 Terms of Reference............................................................................................4 4 Key Issues and Possible Future Directions.........................................................5 4.1 No Change ..................................................................................................5 4.2 Flexibility .....................................................................................................6 4.3 Two-Tier System .........................................................................................7 4.4 Decoupling ‘1’ and ‘3’ ..................................................................................8 4.5 Identifying Good Candidates .......................................................................9 4.6 The ‘RT’ Masters .......................................................................................10 4.7 Lengthening PhD training ..........................................................................12 4.8 Mobility......................................................................................................13 5 Background ......................................................................................................15 5.1 Demographic Background .........................................................................15 5.2 ESRC Background ....................................................................................16 5.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................19 6 Methods and Data ............................................................................................20 6.1 The HESA Dataset ....................................................................................20 6.2 Online Surveys ..........................................................................................21 6.3 Consultation ..............................................................................................23 6.4 Visits, interviews, focus groups..................................................................23 7 The Context for 1+3..........................................................................................24 7.1 The Social Science PhD............................................................................24 7.2 ESRC’s Share of the Market......................................................................27 7.3 Other Research Councils ..........................................................................34 7.4 Alternative Models.....................................................................................36 8 The Verdict on 1+3 ...........................................................................................38 8.1 The Survey................................................................................................38 8.2 Student perspectives .................................................................................40 8.3 Employer perspectives ..............................................................................41 9 The View from the Disciplines ..........................................................................43 9.1 Economics.................................................................................................43 9.2 Management and Business Studies ..........................................................46 9.2.1 Quantitative analysis of responses .....................................................47 9.2.2 Qualitative analysis of responses .......................................................47 9.2.3 Commentary.......................................................................................48 9.3 Politics and International Relations............................................................48 9.4 Psychology................................................................................................50 9.5 Education ..................................................................................................53 9.5.1 Quantitative analysis of responses .....................................................54 9.5.2 Qualitative analysis of responses .......................................................54 9.5.3 Commentary.......................................................................................55 9.6 Social Work ...............................................................................................56 9.6.1 Background ........................................................................................56 9.6.2 Commentary.......................................................................................56 9.7 Sociology...................................................................................................58 1 9.7.2 Commentary.......................................................................................59 9.8 Social Anthropology ..................................................................................59 9.8.1 Tensions.............................................................................................60 9.9 Human Geography ....................................................................................61 9.9.1 Survey responses...............................................................................62 9.10 The Other Disciplines.............................................................................63 9.10.1 Area Studies.......................................................................................63 9.10.2 Social Policy and Administration.........................................................63 9.10.3 Linguistics ..........................................................................................64 9.10.4 Science and Technology Studies .......................................................64 9.10.5 Socio-Legal Studies ...........................................................................65 9.10.6 Criminology ........................................................................................66 9.10.7 Economic and Social History..............................................................66 9.10.8 Environmental Planning......................................................................67 9.10.9 Development Studies .........................................................................67 10 Comparisons.................................................................................................69 10.1 The United States ..................................................................................69 10.2 Germany................................................................................................70 10.3 France ...................................................................................................71 10.4 The Bologna Process.............................................................................72 10.5 The future of doctoral education: Comparison, convergence and benchmarking ......................................................................................................74 11 Conclusion & Recommendations ..................................................................76 11.1 4-year PhD.............................................................................................77 11.2 Recycling awards...................................................................................77 11.3 Stand-alone Masters..............................................................................77 References ..............................................................................................................79 Appendix 2: Survey Crosstabs by Discipline............................................................81 11.4 Tables and Plots of responses to the Likert Scales R2-R14 by Disciplinary Fields ................................................................................................81 2 Table of Figures Figure 1: Change in numbers of postgraduate entrants 1995-6 to 2002-3 ...............15 Figure 2: Social Science Doctoral Students by Domicile.........................................24 Figure 3: Social Science Doctoral Students by Gender ...........................................25 Figure 4: Social Science Doctoral Students by Mode of Study ................................25 Figure 5: Social Science Doctoral Students by Subject and Mode of Study.............26 Figure 6: 20 Institutions with Highest Numbers of full-time Doctoral Research Students ...........................................................................................................27 Figure 7: Doctoral Research Students by Subject and Source of Funding...............28 Figure 8: ESRC Funding and Other Research Council/BA Funding by Subject .......29 Figure 9: Top 20 Institutions by Major Source of Funding for Doctoral Students......30 Figure 10: Top 20 Institutions by Domicile for Doctoral Students.............................31 Figure 11: Doctoral Research Students by Subject and Domicile ............................32 Figure 12: : Doctoral Research Students by Subject and Gender ............................33