Botswana Notes and Records, Volume 45 Notes on the Mocloutsie Cemetery Near Bobonong, 1890s: A Re-Appraisal Geoff Quick* and Rob Burrett† Abstract The old colonial cemetery at Macloutsie near Bobonong in eastern Botswana contains the graves of policemen, military men and civilians. The cemetery was once close to a thriving settlement and on the famed ‘road to the north’ used by European missionaries, traders, explorers and others from the Cape Colony to the interior of Southern Africa in the pre-colonial period. Five of the graves are marked and identify the deceased. The remainder are not marked and we assess the likely identity of those who are buried in these graves. Earlier attempts are re-examined by going back to primary sources, in so doing discrepancies were found. This article puts on record the information gathered over a number of years about the place providing names and some details of those probably buried at the site. Introduction Near the abandoned village of Macloutsie, southeast of Bobonong, is a small cemetery containing the remains of 30 people who died between 1890 and 1899. Named after the Anglicised version of a nearby river (Motloutse), (Gibbs 1972:13) Macloutsie was established as a colonial outpost in 1890. At the time, the Motloutse River was the border of what was a disputed territory between the Bangwato and AmaNdebele states. The ruler of the Bangwato, Khama III and Lobengula of the AmaNdebele both claimed sovereignty over the area (de Waal 1974:54 and Main 1996:71). The river was, in effect, the northern frontier of the Bechuanaland Protectorate (colonial Botswana). Located to the east of traditional routes to the north and in a position to enable Matabeleland to be bypassed, Macloutsie became the gateway to Mashonaland for Rhodes’ Pioneer Column in 1890. It was through here that many later white settlers passed on a lonely African bush track by ox-wagon, horseback or on foot as they made their way to a new life in the then Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). Rhodes’ Pioneer Column was escorted and given military protection by the new colony’s recently formed British South Africa Company Police (BSACP). The BSACP used Macloutsie as a base camp and training area. The BSACP also participated in the construction of the adjacent Fort Matlaputla that gave military protection to the emerging village. With the departure of the Pioneer Column on 11 July 1890, the village and Fort Matlaputla remained under the command of the Bechuanaland Border Police (BBP). It became the northern headquarters of the force, while several civilian enterprises, such as trading stores and a hotel were soon established in the village (Map 1). The BBP continued to occupy the fort until they were withdrawn in 1900 (Hickman 1961:35). By this time the village had ceased to be a place of importance as the line of rail and main road to the north had shifted to pass through Francistown, more than 120 kilometres to the west. In addition, the threat from Boer forces skirmishing along the Bechuanaland and Transvaal border, during the South African War, was no longer considered to be a danger to the area. Once the fort and village had been abandoned people stopped using the original wagon road and the bush slowly reclaimed the area. * Geoff Quick, Email: [email protected] † Rob Burrett, National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe. Email: [email protected] 10 Botswana Notes and Records, Volume 45 Map 1: Macloutsie and Fort Matlapula (Source: Somerset undated) Background to the Source Material Although others have mentioned the cemetery and listed the names of those purported to be buried there (Denyer National Archives of Zimbabwe, HI 5/23/3/21; Hickman 1961:60; Somerset nd:20), no comprehensive study of the site appears to have been undertaken. We have, therefore, turned to original sources of information in an effort to identify those buried in the cemetery. This is combined with a critical review of secondary sources, both published and archival. As part of his duties Major RNL Denyer of the Bechuanaland Protectorate Police (BPP) in Gaborone compiled a report dated 29 August 1966 entitled ‘Military and Quasi-Military Graves in Bechuanaland From the Earliest Days to 3rd August 1914’ (National Archive of Zimbabwe (NAZ), HI 5/23/3/21).(In verifying Denyer’s material we had personal communication with former member of the BPP Mike Leach on 10 December 2000). Our observation is that Denyer’s report contains a number of errors and omissions and should not, we believe, be accepted as being correct without confirmatory evidence. Colonel Arthur Selwyn Hickman attested as a member of the BSAP on 1 August 1924, and he retired as Commissioner of Police 31 years later in November 1955. He was a noted amateur historian on the early colonial era 11 Botswana Notes and Records, Volume 45 of Zimbabwe. However, his 1961 report on the Macloutsie cemetery contains several errors. The late Ilona Somerset (1943–2002) was a resident of Selebi Phikwe from the late 1980’s until the date of her passing in 2002. An enthusiastic amateur historian, she spent several years researching Botswana’s early colonial past and took a particular interest in Macloutsie. Her work on the cemetery, however, seems to have followed Hickman’s 1961 report, together with additional reports from the books written by Gelfand and Stevens. An important source for the names of members of the BBP, who died at Macloutsie, is a memorial plaque in St John’s Anglican Church in Mahikeng (formally Mafeking). This is a nominal roll of the officers and men of the BBP who died between 1889 and 1896 (Table 1). Table 1: Numbers, Names, Dates of Death and Age of the Service men No. Rank Name Date of Death Age 1037 Trooper Thomas Garra 2 November 1890 31 830 Trooper Isaac Mills 24 November 1890 35 960 Trooper Jacob Theis 15 January 1891 40 802 Trooper Harry Dawson 9 February 1891 23 885 Trooper George Fluke 28 June 1891 37 2067 Trooper Henry AS Seale 28 Januar1892 28 - Veterinary Sub Lt Walter Bodilly 21 April 1892 32 873 Trooper Levison J Jesson 10 October 1893 27 Contemporary BBP Annual Reports provide confirmatory evidence of some of the names of members of the police who died in the area. We have also consulted various death and estate registers. Unfortunately, these are not fully comprehensive, because the settlement seemed to have been at the margins of colonial bureaucracy. The earliest attempt at documenting those buried in the cemetery dates to 1936-1937. One version of 10 November 1936 is in the National Archives of Zimbabwe (NAZ, S246/228). The Botswana National Archives and Records Services (BNARS, S110/1/1) holds a later consolidated version. This memorandum, by an unknown author, dated 18 April 1937 reports ‘31 or more graves in the Macloutsie Cemetery’. The memorandum lists five graves marked with memorials (Table 2). Information supplied by Thomas Oxden Willows and A Giese shows that there are several other people believed to have been buried at Macloutsie (Table 3). Troop Sergeant Major Thomas Oxden Willows appears on the BBP 1893 Matabele War Medal Roll, (copy in authors’ possession). In 1895-1896 he was still serving with the BBP and was one of those who took part in the Jameson Raid debacle of 1895 (Rogers 2002:36). His name also appears on the BSAP nominal roll for the period prior to 1903 and although no rank is indicated, his regimental number was 182 and he served from 29 November 1896 to 15 November 1897, when he was discharged as ‘time expired’. Albert Giese (1865-1938) discovered and pegged the first coalfield in northwest Zimbabwe in 1893 (Baxter & Burke 1970:171). 12 Botswana Notes and Records, Volume 45 Table 2: Grave Designation, Names, Dates of Birth and Age of Service men Grave Name Date of Birth Age B Trooper John Garra of BBP 2 November 1890 31 C Trooper Isaac Mills of BBP 24 November 1890 36 D Trooper Henry William Dawson BBP 9 February 1891 23 E Henry Rich of Matabele Relief Force May 1896 - F Trooper George Fluke of BBP 9 February 1891 - Table 3: Names of People believed to be buried at Mocloutsue Names Sergeant ‘Kit’ Seale Two un-named transport riders Un-named Dutchman Trooper Van Vyke In the same BNARS file (S110/1/1) there is a copy of a letter dated 7 November 1937 from the District Commissioner’s Office, Francistown. The letter confirms that there was very little information available, with the only clue being contained in an ‘old Order Book’, a copy of which the authors have not located. There is, however, mention of names of six members of the BBP, five of whom we know from other sources did not die at Macloutsie. The same letter names three civilians, the information having been found in some ‘old letter books’ (Table 4). Hickman (1961:60-1) repeats these same names. His primary source was presumably this report, although Hickman provides no references. He also cites the BBP Regimental Orders dated 17 September 1894 to 1 December 1894, a copy of which the authors have not found. 13 Botswana Notes and Records, Volume 45 Table 4: Number, Rank and Name, Company, Date of Death and Cause No Rank and Name BBP Date of Death Cause 1161 Trooper J Somers ‘A’ Troop 26 September 1894 Drowned 1336 Trooper Fitzgerald ‘A’ Troop 4 October 1894 ? 2030 Trooper G Dewhurst ‘G’ Troop 4 November 1894 ? 1324 Corporal T Thornton ‘F’ Troop 2 November 1894 ? 1614 Trooper Jones ‘E’ Troop 2 September 1898 ? 2450 Trooper Watson ‘E’ Troop 18 November 1898 ? Civilians Mr AH Clackrie 3 September 1898 ? Mr HG Spyron 18 April 1899 ? Mr TJ Revell 24 July 1899 ? The Site At the cemetery, a rough stonewall with an entrance gate on the eastern side encloses the main burial area.