Managing Distress Migration and Enhancing Resilience through climate appropriate interventions under MGNREGS in Odisha Centurion University, Bhubaneswar January 2019 Infrastructure for Climate Resilient Growth in India (ICRG) Programme Submitted By: IPE GLOBAL LIMITED IPE Global House, B - 84, Defence Colony, New Delhi - 110 024, India www.ipeglobal.com In association with 1 Evidence Papers Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha January 2019 – March 2019 Infrastructure for Climate Resilient Growth in India (ICRG) Programme Submitted By: IPE GLOBAL LIMITED IPE Global House, B - 84, Defence Colony, New Delhi - 110 024, India www.ipeglobal.com In association with 1 The Context The ICRG project has commissioned three separate studies in the project states to explore specific critical issues that have a direct/indirect link to benefits accruing from MGNREGA. The purpose is to generate evidence through primary survey and contribute to improved targeting of benefits under MGNREGA. The topics for the studies were identified in discussion with the State Governments. The study in Bihar titled “Business Modelling for Livelihoods Value Chain of Beneficiaries under ICRG programme” seeks to develop at least two value chains for livelihood strengthening of beneficiaries of the ICRG programme. These beneficiaries are those linked to the climate resilient work planning that ICRG has completed and to be implemented with funding from MGNERGA. The current study will actively explore links with the JEEVIKA (Bihar Rural Livelihoods Programme) and has been undertaken following discussions with them. JEEVIKA is supporting the study through their networks in the field. The study in Chhattisgarh titled “Impact of MGNERGA assets on Livelihoods of Vulnerable Groups – Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG); Women Headed Households; Disabled; Landless and Forest Right Act Beneficiaries (FRA); in the ICRG districts” seeks to define the impact and reach of MGNREGA to the vulnerable groups. While the MGNREGA act does not differentiate between sections of society, empirical evidence suggests that there are imbalances in benefits and reach. Chhattisgarh has a large section of its population in the PVTG category and therefore, the state government will benefit from this evidence paper to consider policy matters. The study in Odisha titled “Managing distress migration and enhancing resilience through climate appropriate interventions under MGNREGS in Odisha” will contribute to the state governments special focus on this issue in Western Odisha. The ICRG programme has prepared a strategy for managing distress migration in the state on request from the government and partners the state in developing specific interventions to manage the problem. This study will provide deeper insights to the problem being faced by Odisha. The ICRG programme has commissioned the following agencies for the studies: ▪ Samavit Vikas Private Limited for the study in Bihar ▪ Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Hyderabad for the study in Chhattisgarh ▪ The Centurion University, Bhubaneswar for the study in Odisha The ICRG Teams in all the states are facilitating the field work through the field teams and are responsible for monitoring and oversight. The Agencies have submitted the Draft Final Reports for the studies, and these make up the rest of this document. These Reports have been discussed with the ICRG Team and modifications made. The documents being submitted are as have been submitted by the respective agencies. 2 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I: Introduction and Rationale................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Rationale ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Research Background ................................................................................................................ 2 1.3. Objectives of the Study: ............................................................................................................ 2 CHAPTER II: Literature Review ................................................................................................................ 3 2.1. Climate change .......................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1. Climate events and their impact on people’s lives ............................................................... 4 2.2. Migration................................................................................................................................... 5 2.3. MGNREGS – National and Local Scenario ................................................................................. 7 2.3.1. Performance ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.3.2. MGNREGA and Climate Induced Distress Migration ............................................................ 9 2.4. Climate Change, Migration and the Role of MGNREGS .......................................................... 10 CHAPTER III: Framework, Approach and Methodology ........................................................................11 Table 3.1: Climate Related Factors ................................................................................................... 12 Table 3.2: Non-Climate related factors ............................................................................................ 12 Table 3.3: Environmental factors affecting migration...................................................................... 13 Table 3.4: Non-Environmental factors affecting migration.............................................................. 13 Figure 3.1: Framework of the research ............................................................................................ 14 3.4. Sampling Methods for the Study Area and Determination of Sample Size .................................. 15 Sample Size ....................................................................................................................................... 15 3.5. Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 16 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools ......................................................................................... 16 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) ...................................................................................................... 16 Block details for data collection: ...................................................................................................... 17 Table 3.5: Sample size ..................................................................................................................... 17 Table 3.6: Details of Villages, GPs, Blocks and Districts for data collection ..................................... 18 Table 3.7: District wise Focus Group Discussions ............................................................................. 19 3.6. Deployment of Resources ............................................................................................................. 19 CHAPTER IV: Study Findings ..................................................................................................................20 4.1 Background of the study area ........................................................................................................ 20 iii Table 4.1: Types of Ration Card ........................................................................................................ 20 4.2. Agricultural Profile ......................................................................................................................... 20 Table 4.2: Percentage of Agricultural Households according to their land holding size .................. 20 Table 4.3: Percentage of Agricultural Households according to their land holding size in sample villages .............................................................................................................................................. 21 Table 4.4: % of Migrant Households holding land Figure 4.1 Percentage of Migrant Households Holding Land 21 Table 4.5: Irrigation percentage of the migrant households ........................................................... 22 Figure 4.2 Irrigation profile of sample households .......................................................................... 22 Table 4.6: Percentage of Farmers Cultivating Cereals & Pulses ....................................................... 22 4.3 MIGRATION PROFILE ...................................................................................................................... 23 Table 4.7: Percentages of Male and Female Migrants ..................................................................... 23 Table 4.8: Average Age of Migrant Population ................................................................................ 23 Table 4.9: Duration of Migration ...................................................................................................... 23 4.4 FINDINGS FROM THE STUDY .........................................................................................................