Long Term Evaluation of the Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, Gypsy Moth Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus Product Gypchek®, and Entomophaga maimaiga on Nontarget Organisms in Mixed Broadleaf-Pine Forests in the Central Appalachians John S. Strazanac and Linda Butler Editors Division of Plant and Soil Sciences West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia Authors Linda Butler Sandra Raimondo Division of Plant and Soil Sciences United States Environmental West Virginia University Protection Agency Morgantown, WV Gulf Breeze, FL Sandra B. Cederbaum Kenneth E. Rastall Daniel B. Warnell School of Forest Resources Department of Biology University of Georgia Wheeling Jesuit University Athens, GA Wheeling, WV Robert J. Cooper George E. Seidel Daniel B. Warnell School of Forest Resources Davis College of Agriculture, University of Georgia Animal Sciences and Consumer Sciences Athens, GA West Virginia University Morgantown, WV Jennifer A. DeCecco School of Forest Resources John S. Strazanac Pennsylvania State University Division of Plant and Soil Sciences University Park, PA West Virginia University Morgantown, WV George A. Gale The School of Bioresources and Technology William V. Sutton King MongKut's University of Technology Department of Biological Sciences Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand Marshall University Huntington, WV Ann E. Hajek Department of Entomology Mark B. Watson Cornell University Natural Science and Ithaca, NY Mathematics Department University of Charleston Vicki Kondo Charleston, WV Division of Plant and Soil Sciences West Virginia University Michael M. Wheeler Morgantown, WV Department of Entomology Cornell University Matthew R. Marshall Ithaca, NY School of Forest Resources Pennsylvania State University Alan B. Williams University Park, PA Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences Thomas K. Pauley Virginia Tech Department of Biological Sciences Blacksburg, VA Marshall University Huntington, WV 2 Additional Contributors Terry R. Carrington West Virginia Department of Agriculture Plant Industries Charleston, WV Cynthia J. Fritzler Morgantown, WV Changlu Wang Department of Entomology Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 3 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . vi CHAPTER 1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION . 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 Background for Project . 1 Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar . .. 2 Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki . 4 Gypchek® (Gypsy Moth Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus) . 5 Entomophaga maimaiga . 5 NONTARGET PROJECT . 7 Objectives . 7 Study Design . 7 Study Location . 8 Priority Nontarget Organisms . 9 Literature Cited . 10 CHAPTER 2. SITE CHARACTERISTICS . 15 PHYSICAL . 15 Topography . 15 Soil Characteristics . 17 CLIMATE & WEATHER . 18 Regional Climate . 18 Regional Weather . 19 VEGETATION . 22 Regional Overview . 22 Trees and Shrubs . .. 23 Herbaceous Plants and Mosses . 25 Literature Cited . 26 CHAPTER 3. APPLICATION OF TREATMENTS . 28 TREATMENT APPLICATIONS . 28 ANALYSIS OF DEPOSITION . 29 METHODS . 29 RESULTS . 30 DISCUSSION . 33 Literature Cited . 33 i CHAPTER 4. ARTHROPOD STUDIES . 34 INTRODUCTION . 34 METHODS . 39 RESULTS . 41 Herbivores . 41 Lepidoptera . 41 Symphyta . 60 Parasitoids . 63 Predators . 66 Pollinators . 70 Detritivores and Omnivores . 71 Gypsy Moth Egg Mass Survey . 72 DISCUSSION . 73 Literature Cited . 77 CHAPTER 5. ENTOMOPHAGA MAIMAIGA STUDIES . 81 INTRODUCTION . 81 METHODS . 81 RESULTS . 83 DISCUSSION . 86 Literature Cited . 87 CHAPTER 6. BIRD STUDIES . 89 INTRODUCTION . ..