American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery www.ajadd.co.uk Original Article Water Quality of River Tungabhadra due to the Discharge of Industrial Effluent at Harihar, District Davanagere, Karnataka State, India Basavaraj M. Kalshetty*1, Shobha.N2, M.B.Kalashetti3 and Ramesh Gani4 1B.L.D.E’S Science College Jamkhandi, Bagalkot District, Karnataka State, India 2Department of Chemistry, Bharathier University, Coimbatore 3Department of Chemistry, Karnataka University, Dharwad 4Department of Industrial Chemistry, Mangalore University Mangalore Date of Receipt- 09/02/2014 ABSTRACT Date of Revision- 14/02/2014 Date of Acceptance- 19/02/2014 Water is a prime mover of all activities and essential feature for all modern developments. Water is distributed in different forms, such as rain water, river water, spring water and mineral water. Rain water is considered to be the purest form, however, is associated with dissolved gases such as CO2, SO2, NH3 etc., from atmosphere. Water used for Industrial development and municipal purposes, it is better to ensure the quality of water for these purposes. There is influence of Industrial waste. Sewage on the water quality, the waste products can change the water Chemistry. Water gives life to Industries, but, Industries kill the water Chemistry. The waste water which emerges out after uses from industries have no definite composition, the pollutants associated with industrial effluents such as organic matter, Address for inorganic dissolved solids, fertilizer materials, suspended solids, Correspondence heavy metals from toxic pollutants and micro organisms and also pathogens. The industrial wastes are responsible for water color, B.L.D.E’S Science turbidity, odour, hardness, toxic elements, bacteria and micro College Jamkhandi, organisms. Industrial wastes contain poisonous chemicals which are Bagalkot District, difficult to remove from its homogeneous solution state. Karnataka State, India E-mail: Keywords: Odour, Turbidity, Power of Hydrogen, Chloride, Sodium [email protected] (Na), Potassium (K), Acidity, Sulphate (SO4). INTRODUCTION Rivers are life line of living being drinking and cooking purposes. Water used and constitute an integral part of both rural by the public must be free from disease and urban community as a source of causing bacteria; toxic chemicals, excessive American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery www.ajadd.co.uk Kalshetty et al__________________________________________________ ISSN 2321-547X amount of minerals and organic matter1. Kumarpattanam. The area selected for Fresh water becomes polluted due to three studies are up stream flow of water from major reasons, excess nutrients from discharge point, discharge point and sewage, industries, mining and agriculture. downstream flow of water from the effluent According to recent investigations ground disposal point. The water quality of water contamination also increasing due to upstream investigated for the comparative anthropogenic activities like disposal of study of effluent effect on water body. The waste, sewage, industrial waste2. Due to partially treated effluent run in one canal for rapid Industrialization, Urbanization, a distance of half km through a small village therefore, pollution of water resources needs called Nalavagal, before joining the river a serious and immediate attention through Tungabhadra at only one location. The periodical check up of water quality. waste water was colored before mixing with Keeping in view the main objective river water, carrying lot of foam along the of the present investigation is the evaluation downstream, recently the treatment of of physico-chemical aspects of Tungabhadra effluents from these two factories are River water from the selected locations at adapted little new technology or discharging Harihar Polyfibre Industries, to specify into river without any proper treatment accurately and timely information regarding before discharging. the quality of river water at industrial People residing in these areas utilize effluent disposal point and both at upstream river water for their daily needs. Sampling and downstream flow of water. The present locations were selected on the basis of the findings may be helpful to shape sound detailed survey of the study area and public policy and to implement water quality discussion with local public, the details improvement programme effectively as well regarding the locations is given in Table 1. as efficiently. EXPERIMENTAL Study area The two Major Industries are All the samples were collected in discharging their effluents in the river clean polythene bottles with necessary Tungabhadra at Kumarpattanam near precaution and brought to the research Harihar town, District Davanagere, Laboratory without the addition of any Karnataka State. preservatives and subjected to the physico- 1. Harihar Polyfibers Factory (HPF) is the chemical analysis within 24 hours after largest Rayon grade pulp manufacturing collection, in order to assess their quality and portability water samples were analyzed unit in India (1972). Daily 2,3,4 manufacturing capacity approximately using standard methods . All the 200 tones, generating more than 30 chemicals used were A.R. Grade; Double thousands liters of industrial effluents distilled water was used for the preparation per day. of various solutions. The physico-chemical 2. Grasilene Rayon Factory (GRF) 1977 parameters such as Temperature, pH, EC, produces about 850 tones of Grasilene TDS, DO, TH, TA, Calcium, Magnesium, fiber per month generating about 10 Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Nitrate and Sulphate were determined by standard thousand liters of highly polluted 5 effluents. procedures . The pH and EC were carried Both factories locating on the left out by using pH-meter and Electrical bank of river Tungabhadra on NH-4 at conductivity meter respectively. Sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) were determined AJADD[2][1][2014]120-132 Kalshetty et al__________________________________________________ ISSN 2321-547X by using flame photometer; sulphate (SO4”) Taste and Odour ion concentration was determined by using Disagreeable odour and taste in water visible spectrophotometer. may be because of the presence of vegetation, inorganic constituents and organic matters, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the discharge of waste water and industrial effluents in water bodies. WHO and BIS The assessed physico-chemical para- limit: unobjectionable or agreeable due to meters after the analytical determination aesthetic condition. But, at the present studies given in Table 2 to Table 5. The values were water samples were found to be odourless, compared with the standard values given by 6 7 8 whereas the water chemistry was spoiled at WHO , ISI and with ICMR as given in the discharge disposal point. Downstream Table 6. The water samples collected at water under gone the natural purification upstream (spot 1) were not having any possessing tasteless and odourless characters. objectionable color appearance, taste or odour during the monitoring periods (August- 2013, Turbidity September- 2013, October- 2013 and Turbidity in water is caused by November- 2013). The samples collected at suspended matter finely divided organic and the industrial disposal point the water is found inorganic matter, soluble colored organic in thick dark brown coffee colored before compounds are responsible for the developing mixing with river water, carrying lot of foam the turbidity in water. Plankton and other along the downstream. The water samples at microscopic organisms make the water turbid. the downstream from the discharge point Turbidity was found to be O NTU. WHO and were collected and the analyzed. The results BIS limit: 5-10 NTU; aesthetic consideration indicate the river water under goes natural and harmful bacteria may be associated with purification during its flow along the stream. particles. In the present study the water sample at industrial effluent disposal point Temperature was found to be in colored due to industrial All physiological activities and life waste and finely divided organic and processes of aquatic organisms are generally 9 inorganic matter. influenced by water temperature , it is an important parameter because effects bio- pH (Power of Hydrogen) chemical reactions in aquatic organisms. A The pH of natural water is important raise in temperature of water leads to the index of hydrogen ion activity and it is speeding up of chemical reactions in the resulting value of the acid - base interaction of water body. Temperature reduces the a number of mineral and organic components solubility of gases and amplifies the tastes and in water. pH is an important ecological factor odours. In the present investigation the and is a term used and universally to express temperature range was found in between o o the intensity of the acid and alkaline condition 26.9 C to 28.30 C at the industrial effluent of the water samples. Most of the water discharge point. The temperature of upstream samples were slightly alkaline due to the water found in between 26.6oC to 27.8oC presence of carbonates (CO3’’) and where as downstream water temperature at bicarbonates (HCO3’). pH-value determines spot S3 and S4 were in between 26.4oC to the equilibrium between free CO2, HCO3’ and 29.1oC. CO3’’. The present study reveals that the pH of upstream water found in between 7.2 to 7.4, where as in downstream water was found AJADD[2][1][2014]120-132 Kalshetty et al__________________________________________________ ISSN 2321-547X to be in between 7.6 to 8.3