Pangani Basin: A Situation Analysis IUCN Eastern Africa Programme 2003 i Published by: Copyright: © 2003 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources This publication may be produced in whole or part and in any form for education or non-profit uses, without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. IUCN would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication which uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purpose without the prior written permission of IUCN. Citation: IUCN Eastern Africa Programme, 2003. The Pangani River Basin: A Situation Analysis, xvi + 104pp. ISBN: 2-8317-0760-9 Design and layout: Gordon O. Arara Printed by: ScanHouse Press Ltd. Photo 1: The summit of Mount Kilimanjaro; Photo 2: Forest stand at 1 Shire Njoro; Photo 3: Gate controlling the release of water into irrigation furrows; Photo 4: Children swimming in an irrigation 3 4 reservoir; Photo 5: Sisal plantations; Photo 6: Irrigated rice scheme; 2 Photo 7: Water gauging station at Chemka Spring; Photo 8: Vandalized gate controlling the release of water into irrigation furrows; Photo 9: 5 Dam wall at Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir (color changes mark the declining water levels); Photo 10: A vendor sells water from a borehole 6 9 10 Photos 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 copyright 2003 Kelly West; Photos 2, 7 7 8 copyright 2002 Kim Geheb; Photos 4, 10 copyright 2003 Ger Bergkamp. Available from: IUCN- EARO Publications Service Unit, P. O. Box 68200 - 00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Telephone ++ 254 20 890605-12; Fax ++ 254 20 890615; E-mail: [email protected] The designations of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the participating organiza- tions concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or con- cerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The opinions expressed by the authors in this publication do not necessarily repre- sent the view of PBWO, CDA, WANI or IUCN. ii Contents Abbreviations ...........................................................................................................vii Preface ................................................................................................................... ix Executive summary .................................................................................................... x A Introduction to the Pangani River Basin Situation Analysis ..........................................1 A.1 An overview of the Pangani River Basin.............................................................1 A.2 Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) ........................................................6 A.3 The Water and Nature Initiative (WANI).............................................................7 A.4 Situation Analysis: objectives and outputs .........................................................9 A.5 Data sources ................................................................................................9 A.6 Situation Analysis Structure .......................................................................... 10 B The Pangani River Basin’s natural resources ........................................................... 11 B.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 11 B.2 Basin forests .............................................................................................. 11 B.3 Water and wetlands..................................................................................... 19 B.4 Protected areas........................................................................................... 23 B.5 Biodiversity and conservation ........................................................................ 25 B.6 Fisheries.................................................................................................... 28 B.7 Soils ......................................................................................................... 28 B.8 Summary of points ...................................................................................... 28 C The socio-economy of the Pangani River Basin ....................................................... 30 C.1 Overview................................................................................................... 30 C.2 Industrial interests....................................................................................... 32 C.3 Farming interests ........................................................................................ 32 C.4 Pastoralist interests ..................................................................................... 37 C.5 Urban interests ........................................................................................... 38 C.6 Interventions by NGOs and international organisations in the PRB ........................ 38 C.7 Conflict ..................................................................................................... 41 C.8 Summary of points ...................................................................................... 54 D Natural Resource Management in the Pangani River Basin ......................................... 56 D.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 56 D.2 Government management, Legislation and policy .............................................. 56 D.3 Community-level administration ..................................................................... 63 D.4 Transboundary basin management ................................................................. 68 D.5 Data collection and monitoring....................................................................... 68 D.6 Summary of points ...................................................................................... 69 E Pangani River Basin problems and issues................................................................ 71 E.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 71 E.2 Problems and issues of the PRB ..................................................................... 71 E.3 Priority areas for Action................................................................................ 77 iii F Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 79 F.1 Synthesis of findings ................................................................................... 79 F.2 The Pangani River Basin and the WANI criteria ................................................. 83 G References....................................................................................................... 85 H Appendix 1: Smaller basins included in the administrative Pangani Basin............................................................................... 94 H.1 Introduction............................................................................................... 94 H.2 The Umba River Catchment: ......................................................................... 94 H.3 The Zigi River Catchment ............................................................................. 99 H.4 The Msangazi River Catchment ..................................................................... 97 H.5 The Coastal River Catchment (Mkulumuzi)......................................................103 List of Tables Table 1: Tanzanian forest types, uses and legal status ................................................... 11 Table 2: Eastern Arc Mountain forest cover loss in the Pangani River Basin ........................ 17 Table 3: Estimated water demand in 1995 and anticipated water demand in 2015 .............. 22 Table 4: Tanzanian and Kenyan socio-economic basics 2001 .......................................... 31 Table 5: Livestock population in selected areas of the Pangani River Basin (2002) ............... 37 Table 6: Water rights (WR) in the Pangani River Basin (Tanzania), May, 2003..................... 58 Table 7: Forest area under Joint Forest Management by region ........................................ 66 List of Figures Figure 1: The Pangani River Basin, spanning Tanzania and Kenya ....................................... 2 Figure 2: The Pangani River Basin................................................................................. 3 Figure 3: Forestry Administration in Tanzania................................................................ 62 Figure 4: The Administrative Pangani River Basin........................................................... 95 List of Plates Plate 1: The Pangani River Basin map.......................................................................... 43 Plate 2: The Administrative Pangani River Basin map...................................................... 44 Plate 3: Kilimanjaro's famous snowcap in 1993 and 2000 .............................................. 45 Plate 4: The River Karanga at Moshi............................................................................ 46 Plate 5: Mount Kilimanjaro ........................................................................................ 46 Plate 6: An Irrigation furrow in Moshi District ............................................................... 47 Plate 7: The capped spring at Shiri - Njoro...................................................................