INTSORMIL Annual Report 1992 SORGHUM/MILLET COLLABORATIVE RUSEARCH SUPPORT-- : PROGRAM (CRSP) FightingHunger with Research a team effort Funding support through the Agency for International Development Grant No: DAN 1254-G-00-0021-00 Cover Photographs (top to bottom) 1. Researchers in Mali use cages to protect sorghum from head bugs to establish base line data. Photo courtesy of Dr. Lloyd Rooney. 2. A young farmer in Maradi (Niger) stands in front of NAD-1 hybrid, a product of INRAN/INTSORMIL collaborative research. Pheto courtesy of Mr. Issoufou Kapran. 3. Malian food scientists conduct parboiling cooking trials in a village near Cinzana, Mali. Photo courtesy of Dr. Lloyd Rooney. 4. Village grain storage huts in Mali (West Africa). Photo courtesy of Dr. Timothy Schilling. t t INTSORMIL Annual Report 1992 Fighting Hunger with Research ... A Team Effort Grain Sorghum/Pearl Millet Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) The Sorghum/Millet Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) is an initiative of the Agency for International Development, Grant No. DAN-1254-G-00-0021-00, Title XII and the Board for International Food and Agricultural Development and Economic Cooperation (BIFADEC), the participating U.S. Universities and other collaborating institutions. INTSORMIL Publication 93-2 Report Coordinators John M. Yohe, Program Director Joan Frederick and Dorothy Stoner For additional informa.ion contact the INTSORMIL Management Entity at: INTSORMIL 54 Nebraska Center University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0948 Telephone (402) 472-6032 Telex 438081 UN INTPRG LCN Dialcom 57:CGI025 Fax No. (402) 472-7978 A Research Development Program of the Agency for International Development, the Board for International Food and Agricultural Development and Economic Cooperation (BIFADEC), Pailicipating Land-Grant Universities, Host Country Research Agencies and Private Donors INTSORMIL INSTITUTIONS Kansas State University Mississippi State University University of Nebraska Purdue University Texas A&M University INTSORMIL Institutions are affirmative action/equal opportunity institutions. Contents Executive Summary - John M. Yohe ........................................... ix 1992 Project Reports . ................................................... 1 Sustainable Plant Protection Systems Agroecology and Biotechnology in Stalk Rot Pathogens of Sorghum and Millet - L.E. Claflin and J.F. Leslie (KSU-108) .................................................. 2 Low Input Ecologically Defined Management Strategies for Insect Pests on Sorghum - Henry N. Pitre (MSU-105) .......................................................... 8 Role of Polyphenols in Sustainable Production and Utilization of Sorghum and Millet - Larry G. Butler (PRF-104B and PRF-104C) ............................................ 14 Disease Control Strategies for Sustainable Agricultural Systems - R.A. Frederiksen and R.W. Toler (TAM-124) ........................................... 19 Plant Pathogen RFLP Mapping - R.A. Frederiksen (TAM-124A) ................................ 27 Integrated Insect Pest Management Strategies for Sustainable Agricultural Systems - George L. Teetes (TAM-125 Part I)) ................................................... 29 Biological Control Tactics for Sustainable Production of Sorghum - Frank E. Gilstrap (TAM-125 Part II-A) .................................................. 37 Biological Control Tactics for Sustainable Production of Millet - Frank E. Gilstrap ( AM-125 Part II-B) ................................................. 42 Development of Plant Disease Protection Systems for Millet and Sorghum in Semiarid Southern Africa - G.N. Odvody (TAM-128) ........................................... 45 Sustainable Production Systems Modelling Millet and Sorghum Establishment and Growth and Sustainable Crop Production - Richard L. Vanderlip (KSU-106) ..................................................... 50 Improved and Sustainable Dryland Cereal Production Technology for Smallholder Farmers in Botswana - Naraine Persaud (KSU-107) ........................................ 56 Sustainable Production of Sorghum and Pearl Millet in Fragile, Tropical Acid Soils - Lynn M. Gourley and Guillermo Muloz (MSU-1 11) ....................................... 63 Economic and Sustainability Evaluation of New Technologies in Sorghum and Millet Production in INTSORMIL Priority Countries - John H. Sanders (PRF-105) ......................... 72 Resource Efficient Crop Production Systems - Max D. Clegg and Stephen C. Mason (UNL- 113) ........... .79 Nutrient Use Efficiency in Sorghum and Pearl Millet - Jerry W. Matanville (UNL- 114) .................. 86 Physiologically Derived Cultural and Genetic Enhancements of Water and Temperature Stress Induced Limitations - Jerry D. Eastin (UNL- 116) ...................................... 94 Mechanisms of Environmental Stress Resistance in Sorghum and Pearl Millet Relative to Sustainable Production Systems - C.Y. Sullivan (UNL-123) ................................... 103 v Contents Germplasm Enhancement and Conservation Pearl Millet Germplasm Enhancement for Semiarid Regions - W.D. Stegmeier (KSU-101) .............. .108 Breeding Sorghum for Tolerance to Infertile Acid Soils - Lynn M. Gourley (MSU-104) ................. 114 Breeding Sorghum for Increased Nutritional Vlue - John D. Axtell (PRF- 103) ...................... 121 Development and Enhancement of Sorghum Germplasm with Sustained Tolerance to Drought, Striga, and Grain Mold - Gebisa Ejeta (PRF-107 and PRF-107A) ......................... 127 The Enhancement of Sorghum Germplasm for Stability, Productivity, and Utilization - Fred Miller - (TAM-121) ........................................................ 131 Germplasm Enhancement for Resistance to Pathogens and Drought and Increased Genetic Diversity - Darrell T. Rosenow (TAM-122) ....................................... 141 Germplasm Enhancement through Genetic Manipulation for Increasing Resistance to Insects and Improving Efficient Nutrient Use in Genotypes Adapted to Sustainable Production Systems (Joint with TropSoils) - Gary C. Peterson and Arthur B.Onken (TAM-123) ........................ 150 Tropical Sorghum Conservation and Enhancement in Honduras and Central America - Dan H. Meckenstock (TAM-131) ................................................. 156 Breeding Sorghum for Stability of Performance Using Tropical Germplasm - David J. Andrews (UNL- 115) ...................................................... 167 Breeding Pearl Millet for Stability Performance Using Tropical Germplasm - David J. Andrews (UNL- 118) ..................................................... 171 Crop Utilization and Marketing Chemical and Physical Aspects of Food and Nutritional Quality of Sorghum - Bruce R. Hamaker and Allen W. Kirleis (PRF-103B) ....................................... 180 Utilization and Quality of Sorghum and Millet - L.W. Rooney (TAM-126) ......................... 185 Host Country Program Enhancement .............................................. 195 INTSORMIL Collaborative Sites ................................................. 196 Botswana - M.D. Clegg ......................................................... 197 Egypt - J.D. Eastin ............................................................ 202 Honduras - Darrell T. Rosenow ..................................................... 204 Mali - L.W. Rooney and M. Traor6 ................................................ 211 Niger - John D. Axtell .......................................................... 221 Senegal - David J. Andrews ....................................................... 227 South America (includes Colombia/CIAT) - Guillermo Munoz ................................ 231 Sudan - Gebisa Ejeta .......................................................... 237 Training .................................................................. 244 vi Contents Year 13 Training Participants ...................................................... 246 Year 13 SADCC/ICRISAT Training Participants ........................................ 248 Appendices INTSORMIL Buy-Ins .......................................................... 252 INTSORMIL Sponsored and Co-Sponsored Workshops 1979 - 1992 ............................. 255 Acronyins ............................................................... 256 vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY John M. Yohe INTSORMIL Program Director Introduction and Program Overview Sorghum and millet are important food and feed crops. straints are achieved in concert with collaborating Na­ They remain the staple crop for millions of people in semi- tional Agriculture Research Systems, NARS. arid regions of the world. Their unique ability to withstand periods of drought and other adverse edaphic and climatic Productivity constraints were identified injoint meetings factors have led to their widespread cultivation, utilization with Host Country scientists and became the basis by which and consumption in Latin America, Africa and Asia. Sor- the program matrix was developed. The matrix was utilized ghum and millet are grown insome of the harshest environ- to create and implement a comprehensive interdisciplinary ments and most fragile lands in the world resulting in low research program. Progress has been made to alleviate the and unstable grain production. As population pressure in- constraints but some problems have not yet been eliminated. creases in these areas, the need to boost production in The constraints listed below are resolvable impediments to environmentally sound ways