Zootaxa 3083: 1–120 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Monograph ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) ZOOTAXA 3083 A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical poison frog genus Ranitomeya (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae) 1 2 3 4 JASON L. BROWN *, EVAN TWOMEY , ADOLFO AMÉZQUITA , MOISÉS BARBOSA DE SOUZA , JANA- LEE P. CALDWELL5, STEFAN LÖTTERS6, RUDOLF VON MAY7, PAULO ROBERTO MELO-SAMPAIO4, DANIEL MEJÍA-VARGAS8, PEDRO PEREZ-PEÑA9, MARK PEPPER10, ERIK H. POELMAN11, MANUEL SANCHEZ-RODRIGUEZ12 & KYLE SUMMERS2 1. Biology Department, Duke University, Durham NC 27701, USA 2. Biology Department, East Carolina University, Greenville NC 27858, USA 3. Universidad de los Andes, Department of Biological Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia 4. Universidade Federal do Acre, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, BR 364 km 04 Distrito Industrial, CEP 69.915-900 Rio Branco AC, Brazil 5. Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA 6. Biogeography Department, Trier University, 54286 Trier, Germany 7. Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami FL 33199, USA 8. Associate Researcher, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia 9. Wildlife Conservation Society, Malecón Tarapaca 332, Iquitos Perú. 10. Understory Enterprises Inc., Charing Cross, Ontario Canada, N0P 1G0 11. Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, the Netherlands 12. Understory Enterprises Inc., Iquitos, Peru *[email protected] Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by M. Vences: 15 Sep. 2011; published: 28 Oct. 2011 Jason L. Brown, Evan Twomey, Adolfo Amézquita, Moisés Barbosa de Souza, Janalee P. Caldwell, Stefan Lötters, Rudolf von May, Paulo Roberto Melo-Sampaio, Daniel Mejía-Vargas, Pedro Perez- Peña, Mark Pepper, Erik H. Poelman, Manuel Sanchez-Rodriguez & Kyle Summers A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical poison frog genus Ranitomeya (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae) (Zootaxa 3083) 120 pp.; 30 cm. 28 Oct. 2011 ISBN 978-1-86977-815-6 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-86977-816-3 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2011 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ © 2011 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use. ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition) 2 · Zootaxa 3083 © 2011 Magnolia Press BROWN ET AL. Table of contents Abstract . 4 Resumen . 4 Resumo . 5 Résumé . 6 Introduction . 7 Difficulties of Ranitomeya taxonomy . 7 History of Ranitomeya . 8 Goals of this paper . 10 Materials and methods . 10 Results . 15 Key to the ‘small’ aposematic poison frogs of South America . 18 Systematics . 20 Andinobates Twomey, Brown, Amézquita & Mejía-Vargas, gen. nov. 20 Species groups contained within Andinobates . 30 Andinobates minutus species group . 30 Andinobates fulguritus species group . 30 Andinobates bombetes group . 36 Ranitomeya Bauer 1988 . 39 Species groups contained within Ranitomeya . 40 Ranitomeya defleri species group . 40 Ranitomeya toraro Brown, Caldwell, Twomey, Melo-Sampaio & Souza sp. nov. 42 Ranitomeya defleri Twomey & Brown 2009 . 47 Ranitomeya reticulata species group . 48 Ranitomeya benedicta Brown, Twomey, Pepper and Sanchez-Rodriguez 2008 . 48 Ranitomeya fantastica Boulenger 1884 “1883” . 51 Ranitomeya reticulata Boulenger 1884 “1883” . 52 Ranitomeya summersi Brown, Twomey, Pepper & Sanchez-Rodriguez 2008 . 54 Ranitomeya uakarii Brown, Schulte & Summers 2006 . 57 Ranitomeya ventrimaculata Shreve 1935 . 59 Ranitomeya vanzolinii species group . 61 Ranitomeya cyanovittata Perez-Peña, Chavez, Brown & Twomey 2010 . 61 Ranitomeya flavovittata Schulte 1999 . 66 Ranitomeya imitator Schulte 1986 . 68 Ranitomeya sirensis Aichinger 1991 . 72 Ranitomeya vanzolinii Myers 1982 . 75 Ranitomeya yavaricola Perez-Peña, Chavez, Brown & Twomey 2010 . 78 Ranitomeya variabilis species group . 78 Ranitomeya amazonica Schulte 1999 . 78 Ranitomeya variabilis Zimmermann & Zimmermann 1988 . 86 Incertae sedis . 90 Ranitomeya rubrocephala Schulte 1999 . 90 Discussion . 91 Phylogenetics . 91 Notes on taxonomic changes and the use of the name Ranitomeya . 91 Tadpole morphology . 97 Müllerian mimicry . 98 Dendrobatid frogs and the pet trade . 98 Atalaya, Ucayali, Peru . 102 Tingo Maria, Huánuco, Peru . 102 Future directions . 102 Acknowledgments . ..