MAKING COLLEGE COLONIAL: THE TRANSFORMATION OF ENGLISH CULTURE IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN PRE-REVOLUTIONARY AMERICA A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Stephanie C. Jannenga December 2020 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Dissertation written by Stephanie C. Jannenga B.S., Grand Valley State University, 2008 M.A., Central Michigan University, 2010 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2020 Approved by Kim Gruenwald_____________, Director, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Leonne Hudson_____________, Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Natasha Levinson____________ Timothy D. Hall_____________ Accepted by Kevin Adams_________________, Chair, Department of History Mandy Munro-Stasiuk__________, Interim Dean, College of Arts and Sciences TABLE OF CONTENTS I. TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ III II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... V III. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 HIGHER EDUCATION HISTORIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 2 ENLIGHTENMENT HISTORIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 7 HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE CULTURAL CONTINUITY-DISCONTINUITY DEBATE .......................................... 10 SOURCES ................................................................................................................................................... 20 DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 21 CHAPTER OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 22 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................. 24 IV. CHAPTER 1: COLLEGIATE FOUNDATIONS ............................................................... 26 THE ENTERPRISING GENERATIONS ............................................................................................................ 28 First Steps and Motivations .................................................................................................................. 28 Trials and Misfortunes ......................................................................................................................... 35 Growth and Development ..................................................................................................................... 42 THE AWAKENED GENERATIONS ................................................................................................................ 48 Educational Responses to the Great Awakening .................................................................................. 49 Obstacles and Setbacks......................................................................................................................... 56 Profiting from Perseverance ................................................................................................................. 62 THE ASPIRATIONAL GENERATIONS ........................................................................................................... 67 Bringing Higher Education to the Underserved ................................................................................... 69 Struggles and Hardships....................................................................................................................... 77 Creating Lasting Institutions ................................................................................................................ 82 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................. 90 V. CHAPTER 2: A COLONIAL AMERICAN EDUCATION ............................................... 92 CURRICULA ............................................................................................................................................... 93 Religious Education .............................................................................................................................. 95 Enlightenment Education .................................................................................................................... 101 Historical Education ........................................................................................................................... 109 COLONIAL EDUCATORS ........................................................................................................................... 115 Instructor Presidents .......................................................................................................................... 116 Professors ........................................................................................................................................... 122 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................... 130 VI. CHAPTER 3: THE COLLEGIATE WAY: STUDENT LIFE AT THE COLONIAL COLLEGES ........................................................................................................................... 133 STUDENT HOUSING ................................................................................................................................. 134 SCHEDULES, RULES, AND PUNISHMENTS ................................................................................................. 146 RECREATION ........................................................................................................................................... 160 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................... 170 VII. CHAPTER 4: THE ENGLISH EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE ............................... 173 THE COLONISTS ....................................................................................................................................... 175 ENGLISH EDUCATIONAL CONCERNS ........................................................................................................ 180 Living Abroad .................................................................................................................................... 181 The University Curriculum in England............................................................................................... 187 Religious Education ..................................................................................................................... 188 Enlightenment Education ............................................................................................................. 196 Historical Education ..................................................................................................................... 204 iii CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................... 213 VII. CHAPTER 5: HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE EARLY REPUBLIC........................ 216 COLLEGE-BUILDING IN THE EARLY REPUBLIC ........................................................................................ 220 THE ROLE OF RELIGION IN THE COLLEGES OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC ...................................................... 222 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN THE CURRICULUM OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC ................................................... 229 HISTORY AND VIRTUE IN THE COLLEGES OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC ........................................................ 238 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................... 249 IX. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 253 X. BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................. 263 PRIMARY SOURCES .................................................................................................................................. 263 Manuscript Sources ............................................................................................................................. 263 Published Sources ............................................................................................................................... 265 SECONDARY SOURCES ............................................................................................................................. 271 Books ................................................................................................................................................... 271 Articles and Book Chapters ................................................................................................................. 278 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost, I would like to thank my parents, Terry and Christine Jannenga, for supporting