THE OPEN UNIVERSIT Y O F TANZANIA & SOUTHERN NE W HAMPSHIRE UNIVERSIT Y MASTER OF SCIENCE IN COMMUNITY ECONOMI C DEVELOPMEN T (2005) IMPROVEMENT O F A COMMUNITY SEWERAGE SYSTEM AT SINZA B SABATH EKINGO MBUGUMA. ii SOUTHERN NEW HAMPSHIRE UNIVERSIT Y & OPEN UNIVERSITY O F TANZANIA IMPROVEMENT OF A COMMUNITY SEWERAG E SYSTEM AT SINZA B, KINONDONI DISTRICT, DAR ES SALAAM SUBMITTED A S PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR TH E REQUIREMENTS FO R TH E DEGREE O F MASTER O F SCIENC E I N COMMUNITY ECONOMI C DEVELOPMENT O F THE SOUTHER N NE W HAMPSHIR E UNIVERSIT Y A T TH E OPEN UNIVERSITY O F TANZANI A By Sabath Ekingo Mbuguma June 2005 iii DECLARATION I Mbuguma, Sabat h E. hereby declare that this Project is the resul t of my work unless where quoted for learning purposes it has been stated. This work not been presented fo r a similar award at any other University of Institute of Higher Learning iv SUPERVISOR'S CERTIFICATIO N This i s t o certif y tha t I have gon e throug h th e projec t fo r Mbuguma , Sabath E . titled "Improvement o f Community Sewerag e Syste m at Sinz a B" in Dar-es-salaam Cit y an d found it in a form acceptable fo r the partial fulfillment o f the requirements fo r the award of MASTER OF SCIENCE I N COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMEN T of th e Southern New Hampshire University and Open University of Tanzania. L. J. Kisoz a Open University of Tanzania Dar-es-salaam Date: June , 2005 V COPYRIGHT All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, copie d or transmitted i n any form o r b y an y means , electronicall y o r mechanicall y withou t prio r permissio n o f th e author. vi DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my mother, Nyasinde Mutani, who was seriously sick an d bed ridden with paralysis/stroke throughout th e period I was working on this project. Despite her ba d condition , my mo m neve r stoppe d encouragin g m e t o forge t abou t he r an d concentrate wit h m y project work . Sh e an d he r husband , Mze e Mbugum a (my father ) who spen t almos t a yea r sittin g besid e he r (nursin g he r wife ) reall y deserv e suc h dedications. Also, thi s wor k i s dedicate d t o m y cor e family ; m y wif e Monic a an d ou r fou r son s namely Mkama, Inana, Mutani and Mbuguma Junior (Jr), who inspired me to pursue this course of study to its final conclusion. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I a m obliged to give my sincere appreciations and gratitude to every one who was either directly or indirectly involved in the production of this final projec t report . Firs t of all I would lik e to exten d my thanks t o Mr. Franci s Songoro and Mr. Jaw a Mohamed Jawa who ar e respectiv e Chairma n an d Secretar y o f SIDECO , fo r thei r suppor t an d cooperation they extende d t o m e during my 15-month' s engagemen t with thei r CBO. I managed t o accomplis h al l m y wor k throug h thei r suppor t an d facilitation . Th e community members a t Sinz a B als o deserv e th e sam e appreciatio n fro m me . Also , I would also like to thank Mr. L. J. Kisoza, my supervisor for his professional guidance at all stage s o f projec t work . Throughou t researc h period , Mr. Kisoza, wa s ope n an d availed every kind of support I needed for completion of my study . Special thank s shoul d also g o t o my course instructor , Mr. Michel Adjbodo u fo r his triple roles in this research, tha t is, as CED Director , Course Supervisor and a s overal l CED projec t advisor/supervisor. He was really instrumental to my research an d indeed to this final product, which contributes substantially to my final MSc. Degree . Lastly, let me extend my appreciation to my family, especiall y my wife Monica an d our four son s namel y Mkama, Inana , Mutan i an d Mbuguma Junior, who wer e behin d my success. viii ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATION DEFINITIO N AGM - Annua l General Meeting CBO - Communit y Based Organization CED - Communit y Economic Development DAW ASA - Dar-es-salaa m Water and Sanitation Agency HH/hh (s) - Household(s ) IA - Importan t Assumptions JICA - Japanes e International Cooperation Agency JPSC - Projec t Steering Committee MoV - Mean s of Verificatio n NMB - Nationa l Microfinance Bank OVIs - Objectivel y Verifiable Indicator s PUA - Participator y Urban Assessment RWSSP - Rura l Water Supply and Sanitation Programme SIDECO - Sinz a B Development Community SWOT - Strengths , Weaknesses, Opportunitie s and Threats UCLAS - Universit y College of Lands and Architectural Studie s UHP - Urba n Health Project UNDP - Unite d Nations Development Programm e UWSSP - Urba n Water Supply and Sanitation Programme W&S - Wate r and Sanitation WHO - Worl d Health Organization ZOPP/OOPP - Objectivel y Oriented Project Planning ix TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAG E DECLARATION ii i SUPERVISOR'S CERTIFICATIO N I v COPYRIGHT V DEDICATION V i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . vi i ABBREVIATIONS vii i TABLE OF CONTENTS I x LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES X ABSTRACT X i 1.0 INTRODUCTIO N 1 1.1 Background of SIDECO 1 1.2 Organizational Structure of SIDECO 1 1.3 SIDECO's Visio n an d Mission Statemen t 2 1.4 Objectives and Programme Focus 3 1.5 Activities/Programmes 4 1.6 Project Capacity Assessment of SIDECO 4 1.7 Project Area 6 1.7.1 Sinz a ward/area 6 1.7.2 Objective of the assignment 7 1.8 Proble m Statement 7 1.9 Participator y Community Needs Assessment 8 1.9.1 Th e need for community survey 1 0 1.10 Objective of the Project 1 1 1.10.1 General objectives 1 1 1.10.2 Specific objectives 1 1 2.0 LITERATUR E REVIEW 1 2 2.1 Theoretica l Review 1 2 2.1.1 Globa l contex t for sanitation 1 2 2.1.2 Sustainabl e sanitation 1 3 2.1.3 Appropriat e approach to sanitation 1 4 2.1.4 Adequat e sanitation 1 5 2.1.5 Appropriat e standard for sanitation 1 6 2.1.6 Supply-drive n to demand-responsive approac h 1 6 2.1.7 Sanitatio n and the Millennium Developmen t Goals 1 8 2.1.8 Plannin g for integrated urban sanitation 1 8 2.1.9 Urba n sanitation needs 1 9 2.1.10 Sanitatio n coverage 1 9 2.1.11 Improvin g health 1 9 X 2.1.12 Problem s in wastewater 2 2 2.1.13 Disposa l of human wastes 2 1 2.1.14 Sullag e disposal 2 2 2.1.15 Pi t and latrine emptying 2 3 2.1.16 Sewerage disposal - remova l system, septic tanks and aquaprivies . 2 3 2.1.16.1 Vaul t and tankers system 2 4 2.1.16.2 Cesspi t 2 5 2.1.16.3 Conventiona l septic tanks 2 5 2.1.16.4 Advantage s of conventional sewerage 2 6 2.1.16.5 Conventiona l sewerage. 2 7 2.1.16.6 Advantage s of sewerage 2 8 2.1.16.7 Disadvantage s of conventional coverage 2 8 2.1.16.8 Concep t of fed fisherie s 2 9 2.2 Empirica l Review 2 9 2.2.1 Loca l experience 2 9 2.2.1.1 UCLAS' soli d waste pilot project 2 9 2.2.2 Worldwid e experiences and case studies (samples) 3 1 2.2.2.1 Participation in water and sanitation sector (Global overview) .... 3 1 2.2.2.2 Country by country experiences and case studies 3 4 2.2.2.3 Strengths from these experiences 4 1 2.2.2.4 Lesson s learn t from abov e experience s (Associations/CBO s 4 2 approach) 2.3 Polic y Review 4 2 3.0 RESEARC H METHODOLOGY 4 5 3.1 Research Design 4 5 3.2 Research Approach 4 5 3.2.1 Concep t of Participatory Urban Appraisal (PUA) 4 6 3.3 Study Methodology 4 7 3.4 Samplin g Technique and Scope of Community Survey 4 7 3.5 Data Collection 5 0 3.5.1 Primar y data collection 5 1 3.5.1 Secondar y dat a collection 5 1 3.6 Dat a Analysis 5 1 3.6.1 Primar y and secondary data analysis 5 1 4.0 FINDINGS , CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5 3 4.1 Finding s 5 3 4.2 Conclusion s 5 8 4.3 Recommendation s 5 9 5.0 IMPLEMENTATION") 6 0 5.1 Executive Summary 6 0 5.1.1 Project title 6 0 5.1.2 Contact person 6 0 5.1.3 Proposal submitted by: 6 0 xi 5.1.4 Problem statement 6 1 5.1.5 Mission statement 6 1 5.1.6 Target group 6 1 5.1.7 Activities 6 1 5.1.8 Outcomes 6 2 5.1.9 Request for funding 6 3 5.1.10 Kinondoni Municipal's contribution 6 3 5.1.11 Our contribution 6 3 5.2.