Future Prospects on Railway Freight Transportation A Particular View of the Weight Issue on Intermodal Trains vorgelegt von Dipl.‐Ing. Armando Carrillo Zanuy aus Barcelona, Spanien von der Fakultät V – Verkehrs‐ und Maschinensysteme der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften ‐ Dr.‐Ing. – genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. phil. D. Manzey Berichter: Prof. Dr.‐Ing. J. Siegmann Berichter: Prof. Dr.‐Ing. M. Hecht Berichter: Prof. B. Nelldal Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 28. November 2012 Berlin 2013 D 83 Armando Carrillo Zanuy 2012 [email protected]‐berlin.de Fachgebiet Schienenfahrwege und Bahnbetrieb Technische Universität Berlin Germany CONTENTS Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1. Scientific Approach ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1. Goal & hypothesis .............................................................................................................................................. 9 1.2. Methodology ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2.1. Observe .................................................................................................................................................. 10 1.2.2. Analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 10 1.2.3. Experiment, particular case (VEL-Wagon) ........................................................................................ 11 1.2.4. Interpret and validate ............................................................................................................................ 11 2. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 12 3. Overview of rail freight transportation demand ...................................................................................................... 16 3.1. Distance of transportation .............................................................................................................................. 17 3.2. Modal share, road competition & light transports ....................................................................................... 21 3.3. Conclusions for the demand analysis ........................................................................................................... 35 4. Overview of rail freight transportation supply ......................................................................................................... 36 4.1. Conventional rail freight .................................................................................................................................. 36 4.1.1. Train weight, axle load and lenght ...................................................................................................... 42 4.1.2. Costs ....................................................................................................................................................... 47 4.1.3. Less-than-wagonload traffic ................................................................................................................ 48 4.1.4. Conventional wagons supply .............................................................................................................. 49 4.1. Conclusions for the supply analysis .............................................................................................................. 58 5. Intermodal transport................................................................................................................................................... 60 5.1. Traffic classification by geographic coverage: International / National .................................................... 61 5.2. Traffic classification by market nature: Hinterland /continental................................................................. 65 5.2.1. Hinterland (or maritime) traffic ............................................................................................................. 66 5.2.2. Continental Traffic ................................................................................................................................. 80 5.2.3. Intermodal rolling stock ........................................................................................................................ 94 5.3. Conclusions for the Intermodal transport ..................................................................................................... 99 6. Particular case on train weight reduction; longer wagons, VEL-Wagon ......................................................... 101 6.1. State of the art in long wagons ................................................................................................................... 101 6.2. VEL-Wagon ................................................................................................................................................... 108 6.2.1. Simulation on maritime traffic ........................................................................................................... 110 6.2.2. Conclusions of the simutaion on maritime traffic ........................................................................... 117 6.2.3. Simulation on continental traffic ....................................................................................................... 118 6.2.4. Conclusions of the simulation on continental traffic ...................................................................... 128 6.2.5. Conclusions of the simulations ........................................................................................................ 130 7. Longer wagons‘ effect on infrastructure............................................................................................................... 131 7.1. Axle load ........................................................................................................................................................ 131 7.2. loading gauge................................................................................................................................................ 136 7.2.1. Codes of loading Gauges ................................................................................................................. 136 7.2.2. Geometric Overthrow ........................................................................................................................ 143 7.3. Noise .............................................................................................................................................................. 153 7.4. Network capacity .......................................................................................................................................... 155 7.5. Conclusion for infrastructure analysis ....................................................................................................... 161 8. Business case VEL-Wagon ................................................................................................................................... 162 8.1. Formulation and parameters ....................................................................................................................... 163 8.2. Business case 1 Rotterdam-Busto Arsizio maritime intermodal shuttle ............................................... 164 8.2.1. Wagon costs ....................................................................................................................................... 166 8.2.2. Energy costs ....................................................................................................................................... 167 8.2.3. Track access cost .............................................................................................................................. 170 8.2.4. Overall costs ....................................................................................................................................... 170 8.3. Business case 2 Conventional traffic, part-load traffic. ........................................................................... 172 8.3.1. Background ......................................................................................................................................... 172 8.3.2. Definition ............................................................................................................................................. 174 8.3.3. Wagon costs ....................................................................................................................................... 177 8.3.4. Energy costs ....................................................................................................................................... 178 8.3.5. Track access