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Table of contents Table of contents MODULE 1: Why Climate-smart agriculture, forestry and fisheries Overview and Key messages 1 1.1 Food security and climate change: three intertwined challenges 5 1.2 Towards more efficient and resilient systems 8 1.3 Increase systemic efficiency and resilience: policies, institutions finances 24 1.4 What’s new with CSA? 27 1.5 Conclusions and focus of the sourcebook 30 MODULE 2: Managing landscapes for Climate-smart agricultural systems Overview and Key messages 41 2.1 Why is a landscape approach needed for achieving Climat-smart agriculture? 45 2.2 How can a landscape approach be implemented? 51 2.3 Examples of landscape approaches 57 2.4 Conclusions 76 MODULE 3: Water management Overview and Key messages 81 3.1 Introduction 84 3.2 Water management in agriculture: status and trends 84 3.3 Potential impacts of climate change on water in agriculture 85 3.4 Vulnerability to climate change and resilience: a variety of situations 88 3.5 Assessing risk, preparing responses 89 3.6 Options for adaptation to climate change 90 3.7 Prioritizing options with an eye on vulnerable categories of people 95 3.8 Conditions for successful adaptation 96 3.9 Water management for climate change mitigation 96 3.10 Conclusions 97 MODULE 4: Soils and their management for Climate-smart agriculture Overview and Key messages 105 4.1 Principles of soil health, key functions and soil: plant-water interrelations 109 4.2 Challenges of climate change to soils 111 4.3 Soil principles for climate change adaptation and mitigation and enhancing resilience in different contexts 113 4.4 Successful examples of soil management practices for climate-smart agriculture with a focus on resilience 120 4.5 Conclusions 124 MODULE 5: Sound Management of Energy for Climate-smart agriculture Overview and Key messages 139 5.1 Introduction – Energy and the agrifood system 143 5.2 Energy-smart food in the CSA context 145 5.3 Moving forward – possible energy solutions for CSA 156 5.4 Conclusions 165 iii CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE SOURCEBOOK MODULE 6: Conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources for food and agriculture Overview and Key messages 171 6.1 Genetic resources for food and agriculture 175 6.2 Genetic resources for food and agriculture: a prerequisite for climate-smart agriculture 176 6.3 Concluding remarks 185 MODULE 7: Climate-smart crop production system Overview and Key messages 191 7.1 Introduction 195 7.2 Climate change impacts 195 7.3 Sustainable crop production intensification 196 7.4 Underlying principles: management of natural biological processes 198 7.5 Climate-smart approaches and practices 202 7.6 Conclusions 204 MODULE 8: Climate-smart Livestock Overview and Key messages 211 8.1 Introduction 215 8.2 Adaptation and mitigation needs 216 8.3 Climate-smart livestock 218 8.4 Conclusions 227 MODULE 9: Climate-smart forestry Overview and Key messages 239 MODULE 10: Climate-smart fisheries and aquaculture Overview and Key messages 241 10.1 Introduction 245 10.2 Climate-smart approaches 248 10.3 Practical themes for developing climate-smart fisheries and aquaculture 252 10.4 Strategic climate-smart approaches for the sector 267 10.5 Progress of fisheries and aquaculture towards CSA 270 10.6 Transitioning to CSA 270 10.7 Conclusions 271 MODULE 11: Developing sustainable and inclusive food value chains for Climate-smart agriculture Overview and Key messages 285 11.1 Introduction to sustainable and inclusive food value chains 289 11.2. Sustainable and inclusive food value chains in practice: the case of food losses and waste 294 11.3 Step-by-step approach for chain actors to improve their performance along the sustainable and inclusive food value chain 311 11.4 Conclusions 312 MODULE 12: Local institutions Overview and Key messages 321 12.1 Introduction 325 12.2 Key institutions for CSA initiatives 328 12.3 Building synergies 335 12.4 Quick institutional context assessment 342 12.5 Conclusions 345 iv Table of contents MODULE 13: Mainstreaming Climate-smart agriculture into National Policies and Programmes Overview and Key messages 353 13.1 Climate-smart agriculture within larger economic and policy frameworks 357 13.2 Improve market accessibility: policy and financial instruments 361 13.3 Improving access to knowledge and monitoring: the role of implementing actors 364 13.4 Conclusions 369 MODULE 14: Financing Climate-smart agriculture Overview and Key messages 375 14.1 Introduction 379 14.2 How does climate change affect investment needs for agriculture? 379 14.3 Global climate finance: catalysing the transition towards CSA 393 14.4 Preparing for the way forward in international CSA financing 406 MODULE 15: Disaster Risk Reduction: Strengthening Livelihood Resilience Overview and Key messages 413 15.1 Disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation 417 15.2 Planning for resilience against multiple risks 417 15.3 Building on community-based approaches to DRR and adaptation 425 15.4 Scaling up proven technologies and practices for resilient livelihoods 427 15.5 The enabling framework of DRR to support CSA 434 15.6 Concluding remarks and recommendations 438 MODULE 16: Making Climate-smart agriculture a work for the most vulnerable: the role of safety nets Overview and Key messages 449 16.1 Introduction 453 16.2 Social protection and safety nets – a conceptual overview 453 16.3 Key functions of safety nets in relation to CSA 454 16.4 Challenges and lessons learned 459 16.5 Conclusions 463 MODULE 17: Capacity development for climate-smart agriculture Overview and Key messages 469 17.1 Introduction 473 17.2 Strategies for improving policy coherence and effectiveness 480 17.3 Strategies for knowledge sharing and effective learning 481 17.4 Conclusions 487 MODULE 18: Assessment, monitoring and evaluation Overview and Key messages 493 18.1 Introduction 497 18.2 Defining assessment, monitoring and evaluation for CSA: scope, purposes, frameworks and concepts 497 18.3 How to conduct assessments for CSA policy and project design 508 18.4 How to implement monitoring and evaluation for CSA programmes and projects 515 18.5 Challenges and guiding principles 523 18.6 Examples of assessment, monitoring and evaluation 529 18.7 Conclusions 534 GLOSSARY 545 v CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE SOURCEBOOK Acknowledgements The drafting of this Sourcebook on Climate-Smart Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries has been a collaborative effort involving professionals from within several departments of FAO and a variety of partner organizations. Many individuals played a leading role as main authors and coordinators in the preparation of the modules, while others made written contributions to the Modules’ boxes and case studies. The conceptualization and production of this sourcebook was coordinated by Lucia Palombi and Reuben Sessa, under the overall supervision of the Director of the Climate, Energy and Tenure Division of FAO Xiangjun Yao and the Senior Natural Resources Officer Tiina Vähänen. Editorial support was provided by Denise Martínez Breto, Kaisa Karttunen, Gordon Ramsay and Alessandra Bresnan while the graphic design was elaborated by Maria Guardia and Fabrizio Puzzilli. Module 1 on why climate-smart agriculture, forestry and fisheries was written by Alexandre Meybeck (FAO) and Vincent Gitz (FAO) with contributions from Richie Ahuja (EDF–India), Kevern Cochrane (FAO), Anette Engelund Friis (World Farmers Organization), Elwyn Grainger-Jones (IFAD), Hsin Huang (OECD), Chang-Gil Kim (KREI- South Korea), Atta-Krah Kwesi (Bioversity International), James Lomax (UNEP), Dr B. Mantlana (South Africa), Hayden Montgomery (New Zealand), Lucia Perugini (University of Perugia) and Dipti Thapa (World Bank). The module was reviewed by Shivaji Pandey and Wilfrid Legg. Module 2 on managing landscapes for climate-smart agricultural ecosystems was written by Marja-Liisa Tapio- Bistrom (FAO), Anne Bogdanski (FAO) and Lisen Runsten (FAO) with contributions from Anni Arial (FAO); Nadine Azzu (FAO); Sally Bunning (FAO); Christina Seeberg-Elverfeldt (FAO); David Coates (CBD secretariat); Zhijun Chen (FAO); Cassandra De Young (FAO); Paolo Groppo (FAO); Marc Dumas Johansen (FAO); Damiano Luchetti (FAO); Sheila Mwanundu (IFAD); Matthias Reiche (FAO); Janie Rioux (FAO); Reuben Sessa (FAO); Kim-Anh Tem- pelman (FAO); Stephen Twomlow (IFAD); and Tiina Vahanen (FAO).