Ref. Ares(2018)2940216 - 05/06/2018 SCRREEN Coordination and Support Action (CSA) This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730227. Start date : 2016-12-01 Duration : 30 Months www.scrreen.eu Circular Economy and zero waste aspects and business models of production Authors : Mrs. Marjaana KARHU (VTT), Joanna Kotnis, Yongxiang Yang (TU Delft); Pierre Menger, Ainara Garcia Uriarte (Tecnalia); Kimmo Kaunisto, Elina Huttunen-Saarivirta, Elina Yli-Rantala, Marjaana Karhu (VTT); Lena Sundqvist Ökvist, Xianfeng Hu (Swerea MEFOS); Teodora Retegan (Chalmers); María González-Moya (IDENER); Michalis Samouhos, Maria Taxiarchou (NTUA); Michal Drzazga, Jolanta Niedbala (IMN) SCRREEN - D4.3 - Issued on 2018-06-05 11:46:50 by VTT SCRREEN - D4.3 - Issued on 2018-06-05 11:46:50 by VTT SCRREEN - Contract Number: 730227 Solutions for CRitical Raw materials - a European Expert Network Dimitrios Biliouris Document title Circular Economy and zero waste aspects and business models of production Mrs. Marjaana KARHU, Joanna Kotnis, Yongxiang Yang (TU Delft); Pierre Menger, Ainara Garcia Uriarte (Tecnalia); Kimmo Kaunisto, Elina Huttunen-Saarivirta, Elina Yli-Rantala, Author(s) Marjaana Karhu (VTT); Lena Sundqvist Ökvist, Xianfeng Hu (Swerea MEFOS); Teodora Retegan (Chalmers); María González-Moya (IDENER); Michalis Samouhos, Maria Taxiarchou (NTUA); Michal Drzazga, Jolanta Niedbala (IMN) Number of pages 206 Document type Deliverable Work Package WP4 Document number D4.3 Issued by VTT Date of completion 2018-06-05 11:46:50 Dissemination level Public Summary This deliverable reports the survey done in SCRREEN project in Task 4.3 relating to environmental trends and Circular Economy (CE) aspects of CRM production. For each CRM, the Circular Economy aspects were addressed in order to identify the gaps that limit performance of the processing chains, hinder closing the loop and hinder a zero-waste CRM production. Information on processes, production, solutions and eco-design principles for closing the loop of raw materials in order to support the zero-waste point-of-view, resource efficiency and energy efficiency simultaneously were gathered. In addition, the aspects supporting Circular Economy were evaluated trying to resolve the identified challenges. Lastly, the environmental issues e.g. toxicity related to CRMs production were reviewed. Approval Date By 2018-06-05 11:52:19 Mrs. Marjaana KARHU (VTT) SCRREEN - D4.3 - Issued on 2018-06-05 11:46:50 by VTT D4.3 Circular Economy and zero waste aspects and business models of production Contributors: Joanna Kotnis, Yongxiang Yang (TU Delft): Antimony, Indium, Dysprosium, Neodymium, Praseodymium Pierre Menger, Ainara Garcia Uriarte (Tecnalia): Beryllium, Borates Kimmo Kaunisto (VTT): Magnesium Elina Huttunen-Saarivirta (VTT): Cobalt, Tungsten Elina Yli-Rantala (VTT): PGMs, Natural rubber Marjaana Karhu (VTT): Phosphate Rock, White Phosphorus Lena Sundqvist Ökvist, Xianfeng Hu (Swerea MEFOS): Coking coal, Natural Graphite, Vanadium Teodora Retegan (Chalmers): Bismuth, Fluorspar, Gallium, Helium, Tantalum María González-Moya (IDENER): Germanium, Niobium Michalis Samouhos, Maria Taxiarchou (NTUA): Europium, Godolinium, Terbium, Erbium, Yttrium + others, Samarium, Lanthanum, Cerium, Silicon Metal, Baryte, Scandium Michał Drzazga, Jolanta Niedbała (IMN): Hafnium [April 2018] 1 INTRODUCTION European Commission recently published report on Critical Raw Materials and the Circular Economy1 suggesting that the share of secondary sources in raw material supply is one of several simplified approaches to assess circular use of raw material. Despite the fact that several CRMs have a high technical and real economic recycling potential, the recycling input rate (a measure of the share of secondary sources in raw material supply) of CRMs is generally low. One reason for that is that sorting and recycling technologies for many CRMs are not available yet at competitive costs. In addition, the supply of many CRMs is currently locked up in long-life assets, which implies delays between manufacturing and scrapping and influences negatively to present recycling input rates. One reason is also that the demand for many CRMs is growing in various sectors and the contribution from recycling is largely insufficient to meet the demand. This deliverable reports the survey done in SCRREEN project in Task 4.3 relating to environmental trends and Circular Economy (CE) aspects of CRM production. For each CRM, the Circular Economy aspects were addressed in order to identify the gaps that limit performance of the processing chains, hinder closing the loop and hinder a zero-waste CRM production. Information on processes, production, solutions and eco-design principles for closing the loop of raw materials in order to support the zero-waste point-of-view, resource efficiency and energy efficiency simultaneously were gathered. In addition, the aspects supporting Circular Economy were evaluated trying to resolve the identified challenges. Lastly, the environmental issues e.g. toxicity related to CRMs production were reviewed. 1 European Commission 2018. COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT. Report on Critical Raw Materials and the Circular Economy. Brussels, 2018. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/publications/report-critical-raw-materials-and-circular-economy_en This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730227 SCRREEN D4.3|Environmental trends and circular economy aspects|Rev.0| 2 2 CONTENT 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 2 3 ANTIMONY ................................................................................................................................................ 5 4 BARYTE ................................................................................................................................................... 11 5 BERYLLIUM.............................................................................................................................................. 17 6 BISMUTH................................................................................................................................................. 23 7 BORATES ................................................................................................................................................. 25 8 COBALT ................................................................................................................................................... 30 9 COKING COAL .......................................................................................................................................... 38 10 FLUORSPAR ......................................................................................................................................... 40 11 GALLIUM ............................................................................................................................................. 44 12 GERMANIUM....................................................................................................................................... 46 13 HAFNIUM ............................................................................................................................................ 56 14 HELIUM ............................................................................................................................................... 59 15 INDIUM ............................................................................................................................................... 62 16 MAGNESIUM ....................................................................................................................................... 70 17 NATURAL GRAPHITE ............................................................................................................................ 74 18 NATURAL RUBBER ............................................................................................................................... 76 19 NIOBIUM ............................................................................................................................................. 84 20 PLATINUM-GROUP METALS (PGM) ...................................................................................................... 91 21 PHOSPHATE ROCK AND WHITE PHOSPHORUS...................................................................................... 99 22 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 108 23 CERIUM ............................................................................................................................................. 108 This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730227 SCRREEN D4.3|Environmental trends and circular economy aspects|Rev.0| 3 24 ERBIUM ............................................................................................................................................. 115 25 EUROPIUM ........................................................................................................................................ 120 26 GADOLINIUM ...................................................................................................................................