Table 4. Complete initial laboratory testing resultsa Marker Value Reference range Malabsorption and dysbiosis markers Malabsorption markers Indoleacetic acid 2.0 ≤ 4.2 Phenylacetic acid 0.32 ≤ 0.12 Bacterial dysbiosis markers Dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid 6.1 ≤ 5.3 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 3.4 ≤ 8.1 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 17 ≤ 29 Benzoic acid 0.06 ≤ 0.05 Hippuric acid 611 ≤ 603 Yeast/fungal dysbiosis markers Arabinose 158 ≤ 96 Citramalic acid 3.9 ≤ 5.8 Tartaric acid 66 ≤ 15 Cellular energy and mitochondrial metabolites Carbohydrate metabolism Lactic acid 4.9 1.9-19.8 Pyruvic acid 27 7-32 β-OH-butyric acid 2.0 ≤ 2.8 Energy metabolism Citric acid 113 40-520 Cis-aconitic acid 12 10-36 Isocitric acid 44 22-65 α-ketoglutaric acid 13 4-52 Succinic acid < dl 0.4-4.6 Malic acid 1.6 ≤ 3.0 β-OH-β-methylglutaric acid 12 ≤ 15 Fatty acid metabolism Adipic acid 3.9 ≤ 2.8 Suberic acid 1.3 ≤ 2.1 Creatinine concentration Creatinine 3.6 3.1-19.5 µmol/L Neurotransmitter metabolites Vanilmandelic acid 2.7 0.4-3.6 Homovanillic acid 3.4 1.2-5.3 5-OH-indoleacetic acid 18.5 3.8-12.1 3-methyl-4-OH-phenylglycol 0.11 0.02-0.22 Kynurenic acid < dl ≤ 7.1 Quinolinic acid 7.0 ≤ 9.1 Kynurenic/quinolinic ratio NR ≥ 0.44 Vitamin markers α-ketoadipic acid 0.6 ≤ 1.7 α-ketoisovaleric acid 0.81 ≤ 0.97 α-ketoisocaproic acid 0.59 ≤ 0.89 α-keto-β-methylvaleric acid 1.0 ≤ 2.1 Formiminoglutamic acid 0.7 ≤ 1.5 Glutaric acid 0.22 ≤ 0.51 Isovalerylcys 2.5 ≤ 3.7 Methylmalonic acid 0.8 ≤ 1.9 Xanthurenic acid < dl ≤ 0.96 3-hydroxypropionic acid 9 5-22 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid 7 ≤ 29 Toxin and detoxification markers α-Ketophenylacetic acid (from Styrene) 0.43 ≤ 0.46 α-Hydroxyisobutyric acid (from methyl 5.1 ≤ 6.7 tertiary-butyl ether) Orotic acid 0.66 0.33-1.01 Pyroglutamic acid 48 16-34 Tyrosine metabolism Homogentisic acid 9 ≤ 19 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 0.53 ≤ 0.76 Nutritionally essential amino acids Arginine 24 10-64 Histidine 242 271-993 Isoleucine 38 24-58 Leucine 47 30-87 Lysine 39 45-286 Methionine 68 30-82 Phenylalanine 35 26-71 Taurine 169 68-538 Threonine 122 65-252 Tryptophan 88 28-111 Valine 26 23-61 Nonessential protein amino acids Alanine 136 146-486 Asparagine 63 49-182 Aspartic acid 60 35-86 Cysteine 82 21-78 Cystine 39 26-78 γ-aminobutyric acid 13 ≤ 31 Glutamic acid 17 5-21 Glutamine 143 172-570 Proline 4 2-18 Tyrosine 31 33-124 Intermediary metabolites B vitamin markers α-aminoadipic acid < dl 11-73 α-amino-N-butyric acid 19 9-49 β-aminoisobutyric acid 95 22-192 Cystathionine 4 6-33 3-methylhistidine 234 131-318 Urea cycle markers Ammonia 19.5 14.0-19.0 µmol/g creatinine Citrulline 38 12-45 Ornithine 20 4-21 Urea 326 168-465 µmol/g creatinine Glycine/serine metabolites Glycine 341 639-3306 Serine 214 187-568 Ethanolamine 71 208-514 Phosphoethanolamine 31 18-70 Phosphoserine 39 28-63 Sarcosine 53 ≤ 48 Dietary peptide-related markers Anserine (dipeptide) 11 7-126 Carnosine (dipeptide) 18 10-104 1-methylhistidine 1265 92-1046 β-alanine 16 ≤ 21 Markers for urine representativeness Glutamine/glutamate 8 ≥ 10 Ammonia 19.5 14.0-49.0 µmol/g creatinine Arginine/ornithine 1.2 ≥ 1.1 Urine representativeness index 8 5-10 Omega 3 fatty acids α-Linolenic 18:3 0.10 ≥ 0.09 wt % Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) 20:5 0.32 ≥ 0.16 wt % Docosapentaenoic 22:5 1.95 ≥ 1.14 wt % Docosahexaenoic 22:6 2.6 ≥ 2.1 wt % Omega 3, % 5.0 ≥ 3.8 Omega 6 fatty acids Linoleic 18:2 8.4 10.5-16.9 wt % γ-Linolenic 18:3 0.09 0.03-0.13 wt % Dihomo-γ-linolenic (DGLA) 20:3 1.72 ≥ 1.19 wt % Arachidonic (AA) 20:4 22 15-21 wt % Docosatetraenoic 22:4 3.26 1.50-4.20 wt % Eicosapentaenoic 20:2 0.29 ≤ 0.26 wt % Omega 6, % 35.6 30.5-39.7 Omega 9 fatty acids Oleic 18:1 10 10-13 wt % Nervonic 24:1 2.8 2.1-3.5 wt % Omega 9, % 13.3 13.3-16.6 Saturated fatty acids Palmitic C16:0 21 18-23 wt % Stearic C18:0 19 14-17 wt % Arachidic C20:0 0.23 0.22-0.35 wt % Behenic C22:0 0.81 0.92-1.68 wt % Tricosanoic C23:0 0.18 0.12-0.18 wt % Lignoceric C24:0 1.7 2.1-3.8 wt % Pentadecanoic C15:0 0.14 0.07-0.15 wt % Margaric C17:0 0.33 0.22-0.37 wt % Saturated fats, % 43.9 39.8-43.6 Monounsaturated fats Omega 7 fats Palmitoleic 16:1 0.43 ≤ 0.64 wt % Vaccenic 18:1 1.18 ≤ 1.13 wt % Trans fat Elaidic 18:1 0.59 ≤ 0.59 wt % Delta-6 desaturase activity Linoleic/DGLA 18:2/20:3 4.9 6.0-12.3 Cardiovascular risk Omega 6s/omega 3s 7.1 3.4-10.7 AA/EPA 20:4/20:5 69 12-125 Omega 3 index 3.0 ≥ 4.0 Oxidative stress markers Glutathione (whole blood) 486 ≥ 669 µmol/L Lipid peroxides (urine) 6.6 ≤ 10.0 µmol/g creatinine 8-OHdG (urine) 18 ≤ 15 µg/g creatinine Coenzyme Q10, ubiquinone (plasma) 0.20 0.43-1.49 µg/mL Elemental markers (RBCs) Nutrient elements Copper 0.591 0.466-0.721 µg/g Magnesium 45.6 30.1-56.5 µg/g Manganese 0.013 0.007-0.038 µg/g Potassium 2837 2220-3626 µg/g Selenium 0.39 0.25-0.76 µg/g Zinc 10.6 7.8-13.1 µg/g Toxic elements Lead 0.012 ≤ 0.048 µg/g Mercury < dl ≤ 0.0039 µg/g Antimony 0.001 ≤ 0.002 µg/g Arsenic 0.029 ≤ 0.071 µg/g Cadmium 0.001 ≤ 0.001 µg/g Tin < dl ≤ 0.0009 µg/g a All biomarkers reported in µmol/g creatinine unless otherwise noted. dl = detection limit; nr = not recorded; wt % = weighted percentage. .