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Tokes (editor) OPPOSITION IN EASTERN EUROPE Series Standing Order If you would like to receive future titles in this series as they are published, you can make use of our standing order facility. To place a standing order please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address and the name of the series. Please state with which title you wish to begin your standing order. (If you live outside the UK we may not have the rights for your area, in which case we will forward your order to the publisher concerned.) Standing Order Service, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG212XS, England. SOCIAL CHANGE AND NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY UKRAINE Bohdan Krawchenko Director Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies University of Alberta M In association with MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan PRESS © Bohdan Krawchenko 1985 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First edition 1985 Reprinted 1987 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Krawchenko, Bohdan Social change and national consciousness in twentieth-century Ukraine.-(St Antony's Macmillan series) 1. Nationalism-Ukraine-History-20th century 2. Ukraine-Social conditions I. Title 320.5'4'094771 DK508.772 ISBN 978-0-333-44284-5 ISBN 978-1-349-09548-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-09548-3 In memory of my mother Antonina Matviivna Zinova 1914-80 Contents List of Tables ix Preface xi Technical Note xii Glossary Xlll Map xvi Introduction xvii 1 UKRAINIAN SOCIETY ON THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION 1 Population 1 The Town 3 The Peasantry and the National Movement 21 The Dilemma of Leadership 29 The Working Class 39 Conclusion 44 2 UKRAINIAN SOCIETY IN THE 1920s 46 Population 46 The Town 47 The Village 56 The Working Class 72 Education 86 Book Publishing and the Press 94 The Party 98 The Bureaucracy 105 Conclusion 111 3 UKRAINIAN SOCIETY IN THE 1930s 113 Population 113 Urbanisation 116 Class Structure 120 Education, Book Publishing and the Press 134 The Party 141 Conclusion 151 vii Vlll Contents 4 UKRAINE IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR 153 5 UKRAINIAN SOCIETY AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR 171 Population 171 Urbanisation 178 Problems of National Identity 186 Class Structure 202 Education, Book Publishing and the Press 219 The Party 242 Dissidents 250 Conclusion 253 CONCLUSION 255 Notes and References 259 Index 320 List of Tables 1.1 National composition of Ukraine by region, 1897 4 1.2 Urban population of Ukraine by region, 1897 8 1.3 National composition of Ukraine's urban population by region, 1897 10 1.4 Distribution of Ukrainian urban population according to size oftown, 1897 11 1.5 Representation of Ukrainians in occupations, 1897 44 2.1 National composition of Ukraine by region, 1926 48 2.2 Changes in the rate of urbanisation of Ukraine according to region, 1897-1928 50 2.3 National composition of Ukraine's urban population by region, 1926 51 2.4 Changes in the national composition of Ukraine's urban population according to size oftown, 1897-1926 52 2.5 Nationality data on Ukraine's trade union membership, 1926,1929 78 2.6 Representation of major nationalities in occupational structure of Ukraine, 1926 107 3.1 National composition of the population of Ukraine, 1926--39 115 3.2 Class structure of Ukraine according to nationality, 1939 133 5.1 National composition of the population of Ukraine, 1795-1970 173 5.2 National composition of Ukraine according to region, 1926--70 176 5.3 Changes in the rate of urbanisation of Ukraine according to region, 1959-70 180 5.4 Distribution of the urban population of the major national groups in Ukraine according to size of town, 1959 181 5.5 National composition of urban population of Ukraine by oblast', according to size of town, 1959 182 5.6 National composition of the urban population of Ukraine according to region, 1959-70 183 ix X List of Tables 5.7 Nationality of immigrants to urban centres of Ukraine 184 5.8 Ukrainians- national identity data according to region, 1970 190 5.9 Mother-tongue identification of Ukrainians according to region, 1959-70 194 5.10 Class structure of the population of Ukraine, 1939-70 204 5.11 Class structure of Ukrainians in the Ukrainian SSR, 1939-70 205 5.12 Ukrainians' share of a given social class, 1939-70 206 5.13 National composition of the Vuzy student population of Ukraine, 1955-71 224 5.14 National composition of students attending specialised secondary educational establishments, 1955-71 226 Preface I should like above all to thank Archie Brown of St Antony's College, Oxford, for his patience and assistance, as well as Victor Swoboda of the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, for his numerous suggestions. A very special debt of gratitude is owed to John-Paul Himka of the University of Alberta. I also benefited from many discussions with the late I. L. Rudnytsky and Roman Petryshyn. M. R. Lupul, Director of the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, provided support and en­ couragement. My late mother, Anto nina Zinova, and my father, Oleksander Krawchenko, who lived through much of the period under study, were my constant sounding-boards. I could not have com­ pleted this work without the advice of my wife, Kim Fraser; but I am solely responsible for all the errors and omissions which remain. Edmonton, Canada BOHDAN KRA WCHENKO xi Technical Note A simplified Library of Congress system of transliteration, omitting all diacritics, will be used. Geographical names within the current boundaries of the Ukrainian SSR are transliterated from the Ukrain­ ian following contemporary Soviet orthography: Kiev Dnieper, the Crimea, Odessa, Donbass and Transcarpathia are exceptions. Towns are identified in the various chapters by the name current in the period under study with their contemporary equivalents, where applicable, given in brackets the first time they are mentioned.