Violence, De-escalation, and Nationalism: Northern Ireland and the Basque Country Compared Stephanie Lorraine Kerr A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the PhD degree in Political Science School of Political Studies Faculty of Graduate Studies University of Ottawa © Stephanie Kerr, Ottawa, Canada 2016 ii Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgment ......................................................................................................................................... vi Chapter One: Research Plan ......................................................................................................................... 1 Research Puzzle ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................................................. 4 Literature Review .................................................................................................................................... 11 Resources ....................................................................................................................................... 15 State Responses ............................................................................................................................. 19 Leadership ...................................................................................................................................... 29 Empirical Cases........................................................................................................................................ 33 Methodology and Data Collection .......................................................................................................... 35 Project Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 41 Chapter Two: The Movimiento de Liberación Nacionalista Vasco and The Basque Country ..................... 42 Part One: Resources ................................................................................................................................ 44 Political Viability ............................................................................................................................. 44 Military Viability ............................................................................................................................. 66 Support .......................................................................................................................................... 87 Alliances ....................................................................................................................................... 101 Resources Discussion ................................................................................................................... 116 Part Two : State Responses ................................................................................................................... 118 Institutions ................................................................................................................................... 118 Engagements ................................................................................................................................ 135 Concessions .................................................................................................................................. 152 Tactics .......................................................................................................................................... 162 State Responses Discussion ......................................................................................................... 184 Part Three: Leadership .......................................................................................................................... 186 Target Framing ............................................................................................................................. 186 Organizational Structure .............................................................................................................. 200 Fragmentation/Cohesion ............................................................................................................. 214 Learning Processes ....................................................................................................................... 225 Leadership Discussion .................................................................................................................. 245 iii Part Four: Chapter Overview ................................................................................................................ 248 Chapter Three: The Republican Movement and Northern Ireland .......................................................... 253 Part One: Resources .............................................................................................................................. 255 Political Viability ........................................................................................................................... 255 Military Viability ........................................................................................................................... 274 Support ........................................................................................................................................ 294 Alliances ....................................................................................................................................... 309 Resources Discussion ................................................................................................................... 324 Part Two : State Responses ................................................................................................................... 325 Institutions ................................................................................................................................... 326 Engagements ................................................................................................................................ 335 Concessions .................................................................................................................................. 355 Tactics .......................................................................................................................................... 366 State Responses Discussion ......................................................................................................... 382 Part Three: Leadership .......................................................................................................................... 385 Target Framing ............................................................................................................................. 385 Organizational Structure .............................................................................................................. 405 Fragmentation/Cohesion ............................................................................................................. 417 Learning Processes ....................................................................................................................... 429 Leadership Discussion .................................................................................................................. 443 Part Four: Chapter Overview ................................................................................................................ 445 Chapter Four: The Basque Country and Northern Ireland Compared ...................................................... 449 Part One: Resources .............................................................................................................................. 449 Political Viability ........................................................................................................................... 449 Military Viability ........................................................................................................................... 453 Support ........................................................................................................................................ 456 Alliances ....................................................................................................................................... 459 Part Two: State Responses ..................................................................................................................... 462 Institutions .................................................................................................................................. 462 Engagements ................................................................................................................................ 464 Concessions .................................................................................................................................. 468 Tactics .......................................................................................................................................... 470