Design and testing of a multipurpose transboundary groundwater monitoring network in the Extended Drin River Basin (Final Report) Pilot Project "Design and testing of a multipurpose transboundary groundwater monitoring network in the Extended Drin River Basin" (DRIN) 2017 - 2020 Final Report Authors: Laura del Val Alonso Salvatore Carrubba Josep Mas-Pla Under the supervision of Dr. Alexandro K. Makarigakis December 2019 1 Design and testing of a multipurpose transboundary groundwater monitoring network in the Extended Drin River Basin (Final Report) Table of contents EXECUTIVE REPORT ..................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. ................................................................................................................................................. 7 HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE SKADAR/SHKODER – BUNA/BOJANA TRANS- BOUNDARY AQUIFER SYSTEM (ALBANIA AND MONTENEGRO) ................................................................... 7 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 7 PROBLEM STATEMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 7 THE WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE (WFD) .......................................................................................................... 8 GOALS AND CONTENT OF THIS DOCUMENT ............................................................................................................ 10 AVAILABLE INFORMATION .................................................................................................................................. 11 2. CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUNDWATER BODIES ............................................................................ 13 2.1. GEOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 13 Regional geology .................................................................................................................................... 13 Geology of the Zeta and Koplik-Skhodër plains (Skadar/Shkoder Lake area) ......................................... 16 Geology of the Buna/Bojana alluvial and deltaic plains ......................................................................... 19 2.2. HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONCEPTUAL MODEL ................................................................................................ 20 Main hydrogeological units .................................................................................................................... 20 Hydrogeological units of the Zeta Plain ............................................................................................................... 20 Hydrogeological units of the Koplik-Skhodër Plain .............................................................................................. 23 Hydrogeological units of the Buna/Bojana River area ......................................................................................... 24 Water balance and recharge/discharge pathways ................................................................................. 27 Water balance ..................................................................................................................................................... 28 Recharge/discharge pathways ............................................................................................................................. 31 Groundwater depended ecosystems....................................................................................................... 35 Groundwater Dependent Aquatic Ecosystems .................................................................................................... 36 Groundwater Related Terrestrial Environments ................................................................................................. 37 Protected areas ................................................................................................................................................... 39 Hydrochemistry and groundwater quality .............................................................................................. 40 Zeta Plain (MNT) .................................................................................................................................................. 40 Koplik - Shkoder (ALB) ......................................................................................................................................... 44 Trush and Zadrima alluvial plains (MNT – ALB) ................................................................................................... 45 Buna-Bojana delta (MNT – ALB) .......................................................................................................................... 47 Pressures and impacts on groundwater resources ................................................................................. 49 2.3. GROUNDWATER BODIES ....................................................................................................................... 54 GWBs in the Zeta and Koplik-Skhodër plains (Skadar Lake area) ........................................................... 54 GWBs in the Buna/Bojana area .............................................................................................................. 57 Transboundary features.......................................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 2. ............................................................................................................................................... 63 AQUIFER COMPREHENSIVE VULNERABILITY MAPPING ............................................................................. 63 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 63 2. APPLICATION OF AQUIFER VULNERABILITY TO THE TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFER LOCATED WITHIN THE SKADAR/SHKODER - BUNA/BOJANA AREA SHARED BY ALBANIA AND MONTENEGRO. ..................... 64 2.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE VULNERABILITY MAP ............................................................................................... 64 1 Design and testing of a multipurpose transboundary groundwater monitoring network in the Extended Drin River Basin (Final Report) The vertical vulnerability map ................................................................................................................ 66 The horizontal vulnerability map ............................................................................................................ 68 The comprehensive vulnerability map .................................................................................................... 71 2.2. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................... 74 2.3. FLOODING VULNERABILITY MAP ............................................................................................................. 78 CHAPTER 3. ............................................................................................................................................... 80 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORK AND PROGRAMME FOR THE TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFER BETWEEN ALBANIA AND MONTENEGRO ...................................................... 80 3. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 80 PROBLEM STATEMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 80 GOALS AND CONTENT OF THIS DOCUMENT ............................................................................................................ 82 PROPOSED GROUNDWATER BODIES .................................................................................................................... 84 GWBs in the Zeta and Koplik-Skhodër plains (Skadar/Shkoder Lake area) ............................................ 84 GWBs in the Buna/Bojana area .............................................................................................................. 86 4. MONITORING NETWORK DESIGN ..................................................................................................... 89 2.1. GROUNDWATER MONITORING UNDER THE EU WFD ................................................................................. 89 2.2. CURRENT STATE OF GROUNDWATER MONITORING ..................................................................................... 91 MONITORING ZONES AND MONITORING NETWORK TYPES IN LINE WITH THE EU WFD ................................................... 92 Monitoring zones .................................................................................................................................... 92 GWB-01 Zeta plain ............................................................................................................................................... 92 GWB-02 Koplik-Skhodër plains ............................................................................................................................ 94 GWB-03 Trush and Zadrima