The Expansion of Sustainability through New Economic Space: Māori Potatoes and Cultural Resilience ______________________ A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University by Simon J. Lambert ______________________ Lincoln University 2008 ii CONTENTS . .............. ............................................................................................................... III LIST OF TABLES .... .......................................................................................................VI LIST OF FIGURES .. ..................................................................................................... VII LIST OF ACRONYMS..................................................................................................VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................................IX ABSTRACT ............. ........................................................................................................ X CHAPTER 1 : INNOVATION, RESILIENCE AND THE PARTICIPATION OF MĀORI IN AGRI-FOOD NETWORKS..................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction and Basic Terms....................................................................................... 1 1.2 Culture in Sustainability Discourse: The Expansion of Traditional Economies in New Economic Space. ......................................................................................................... 2 1.3 The Research Problem ................................................................................................. 8 1.4 The Research Question .............................................................................................. 10 1.5 Outline of the Thesis.................................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER 2: NEW ECONOMIC SPACE AND CULTURAL ECONOMY: INNOVATION DIFFUSION IN THE RESILIENCE OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES ................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Introduction ....... ....................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Contact: The Demarcation of Economic Space........................................................... 15 2.2.1 Colonisation: The Māori Adoption of European Innovations ........................ 16 2.2.2 Modernisation: The Global Diffusion of Enlightenment?.............................. 24 2.2.3 Diffusionism and the Role of Rationality in Innovation Diffusion................. 32 2.2.4 Summary...................................................................................................... 35 2.3 New Economic Space ................................................................................................ 36 2.3.1 The Networked Society: The Apotheosis of Diffusionism?........................... 37 2.3.2 Cultural Economy: The ‘New’ New Economic Space................................... 42 2.4 Conclusion......... ....................................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS: NEW APPROACHES TO INNOVATION DIFFUSION................................................................................................ 50 3.1 Introduction ....... ....................................................................................................... 50 3.2 Comparative Analysis ................................................................................................ 51 3.2.1 QCA Approaches: An Overview .................................................................. 54 3.2.2 Fuzzy Set Social Science.............................................................................. 59 3.2.3 Measuring Fuzzy Membership...................................................................... 62 iii 3.2.4 Analytic Strategies for Investigating Causation: Identifying ‘Necessary’ and ‘Sufficient’ Conditions ................................................................................. 64 3.2.5 fs/QCA: the Assessment of Necessary and Sufficient Conditions ................. 67 3.2.6 Summary: fs/QCA, Innovation Diffusion, and M āori Development.............. 72 3.3 Kaupapa M āori: The Counter-diffusion of Indigenous Practice?................................. 73 3.3.1 Matauranga M āori: M āori Knowledge and Philosophy ................................. 74 3.3.2 Kaupapa M āori Research (KMR) ................................................................. 76 3.4 Further Approaches to Innovation Diffusion: Seeking Methods to describe Agri-Food Networks ........... ....................................................................................................... 79 3.4.1 Actor-Network Theory (ANT)...................................................................... 80 3.4.2 Systems of Provision (SOP) ......................................................................... 84 3.4.3 Participant Observation ................................................................................ 88 3.5 Conclusion......... ....................................................................................................... 88 CHAPTER 4: INNOVATION DIFFUSION AND MAORI HORTICULTURE ........... 90 4.1 Introduction ....... ....................................................................................................... 90 4.2 The Potato and M āori................................................................................................. 90 4.2.1 Geohistorical Overview of Innovation Diffusion and M āori Horticulture...... 91 4.2.2 Māori Potatoes ........................................................................................... 103 4.2.3 ‘Taewa’ as an Innovation Matrix: An ANT approach to the M āori Potato... 108 4.2.4 Marketing and Consumption: Rehashing the Spud...................................... 113 4.2.5 Summary.................................................................................................... 118 4.3 ‘Responsiveness-to-Māori’: A SOP Approach to Matauranga M āori in RS&T......... 119 4.3.1 New Zealand’s Innovation Strategies: An overview.................................... 119 4.3.2 Centre of Research Excellence ‘Responsiveness to M āori’: An example of the early adoption of Matauranga M āori........................................................... 123 4.3.3 The National Centre for Advanced Bioprotection Technologies: Theme 4 - ‘Matauranga M āori Bioprotection’ ............................................................. 126 4.3.4 Preliminary Results: Tahuri Whenua and the SOP entwinement of M āori growers within New Economic Space......................................................... 128 4.4 Conclusion......... ..................................................................................................... 131 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS................................................................................................ 134 5.1 Introduction ....... ..................................................................................................... 134 5.2 Variable Selection and Scoring for fs/QCA.............................................................. 134 5.2.1 Participation within Agri-food Networks (‘P’)............................................ 135 5.2.2 Māori Institutional Support (‘I’ and ‘M’).................................................... 139 5.2.3 Post-Production Strategies.......................................................................... 145 5.2.4 The Outcome: Eco-Cultural Resilience (‘ECR’) ......................................... 147 5.2.5 fs/QCA Data Table..................................................................................... 150 5.3 Brief Notes on Fieldwork......................................................................................... 151 5.4 Case Study Data. ..................................................................................................... 152 5.4.1 Case Study 1 .............................................................................................. 153 5.4.2 Case Study 2 .............................................................................................. 156 5.4.3 Case Study 3 .............................................................................................. 159 5.4.4 Case Study 4 .............................................................................................. 161 5.4.5 Case Study 5 .............................................................................................. 163 5.4.6 Pouakani Farms.......................................................................................... 165 5.4.7 Waituna Brewing ....................................................................................... 167 iv 5.4.8 Kinaki Herbs.............................................................................................. 170 5.5 Summary and Preliminary Analysis ......................................................................... 172 5.6 Further Analysis. ..................................................................................................... 177 5.6.1 Reformatting data into Truth Table for Remainders.................................... 177 5.6.2 fs/QCA Software Findings ......................................................................... 179 5.6 Conclusion......... ....................................................................................................