Research Brief: Youth Political Participation in Cambodia By Bong Chansambath and Sen Chantarasingh Additional Research Support: Pia Betz, Sebastian Hanak Editor: Vanaka Chhem-Kieth Published by Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Cambodia in cooperation with Politikoffee June 2017 Research Brief: Youth Political Participation in Cambodia By Sen Chantarasingh and Bong Chansambath Additional Research Support: Pia Betz, Sebastian Hanak Editor: Vanaka Chhem-Kieth 1. NOTE ON THE 2017 COMMUNE We decided to find out more about this ELECTIONS assumption by collecting data and findings on youth political participation, which we This research brief was written ahead of are presenting in this brief. the 4 June 2017 Cambodian commune elections, and completed shortly after the 2.2. Research Objectives results came out. It therefore draws on a richer literature on the 2012 local elections The main objectives of this research brief and 2013 national elections. are to: 1. Identify key political participation trends 2. INTRODUCTION among youth in Cambodia; 2. challenge the dominant, negative Politikoffee, as a group of media-savvy narrative according to which youth are youth interested in politics, have made the not interested in participating politically; conscious choice of actively participating in and political discussions. 3. draw on existing research to illustrate and reiterate the importance of youth However, in our research – we found out political participation. that politics is not an activity you decide to 4. Research Questions participate in, or not. Indeed, it is “ingrained in the routines of making a living, raising There are three main research questions: families, coping with daily problems and 1. What are the perceptions of Cambodian interacting with others”1. youth on political participation? 2. Why political participation matters? 2.1. Problem Statement 3. What are the obstacles to political participation in Cambodia? Politikoffee attracted much attention over the years, for being “at odds with Khmer 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY culture”2 or for being at the forefront of an “unexpected new trend”3, as a rare youth This brief draws on secondary data group actively participating in politics exclusively. The data was drawn from through grassroots debates and discussions. various research papers (NGOs, think-thank, government, etc.) on the topic of youth and These comments suggest that youth political participation. political participation in Cambodia may be the exception, rather than the norm. 1 Ben Kerkvliet, “Everyday politics in peasant societies (and ours).” The Journal of Peasant Studies 36, no. 1 (2009): 232, 240, quoted in Kimhean Hok and Mun Vong, “Facebooking: Youth’s Everyday Politics in Cambodia,” Cambodia Development Resource Institute (2017): 15. 2 Jack Board, “Politics Meets Coffee for Free-talking Cambodian Youth,” Channel News Asia, November 4, 2017, accessed June 7, 2017, http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/politics-meets- coffee-for-free-talking-cambodian-youth-7696560. 3 Pisen Sou, “Organizing Events Lets Cambodian Youth Hone Leadership Skills,” Voice of America, 12 September 2015, accessed Students from Bak Touk High School, in Phnom Penh June 7, 2017, https://www.voacambodia.com/a/organizing-events- (Source: Flickr, ECCC, CC By-Sa-2.0) lets-cambodian-youth-hone-leadership-skills/2955520.html. 1 5. KEYWORDS or more recently through the use of internet, specifically social media as a platform for Overall, Cambodians still 5.1. Youth participating in politics8. Network-based distrust political parties activities, such as NGOs or student groups, Everett and Meisburger, Any Cambodian aged from 15 to 30 years would also fall in that broad category9. The Asia Foundation, 2016 old, as per the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport’s (MoYES)4. This research brief 6. POPULAR PERCEPTIONS follows this definition, unless otherwise 6.2 Reputation of Political Participa- stated. 6.1. Negative Reputation of Political tion: More Interest Than It Seems Participation in Cambodia 5.2. Political Participation As the historically high participation levels of Overall, Cambodians still distrust political the recent 2017 commune elections suggest Though there can be more than one definition, parties10. (86% according to early reports)15, politics this brief defines “political participation” associated with “distrust” and “trouble” is based on Milbrath and Goel (1977) as any It is also widely accepted that the political only one side of the story. activities that influence government policies environment limits rather than facilitates directly or indirectly5. This suggests that political participation. The Committee for Free Looking at the 2012 commune elections and political participation can take a wide range and Fair Elections in Cambodia (COMFREL) the 2013 national elections, youth turnout of forms, so long as it contributes to shaping defines the current political atmosphere as rates are difficult to evaluate – as there policies. “very tense”11. More specifically, it describes is no systematic methods to collect this the political pattern as limiting “[...] political information across the country16. However, participation, freedom of expression, sources clearly suggest youth participation Political participation: any freedom of assembly [...]. This includes a has been significant. activities that influence lack of an open and constructive political government policies directly discourse on issues of public concern [...] A BBC Media in Action/UNDP national survey or indirectly and continuing limitations on political found out that 47% of 18-24 years old voted Milbrath and Goel, 1977 participation for the Cambodian public”12. in the 2012 commune elections17, figures superior to countries celebrated for their As a consequence, a majority of youth is electoral democracies such as France or the 5.3. Formal Participation not interested in political involvement, so UK, for elections in similar years. Indeed, as to avoid “trouble”13. Additional limitations only 43% of French 18-24 years old voted We interpret formal participation as include a rigid social hierarchy, a culture in the 2014 commune elections18, whereas activities that are part of the “institutional of obedience to authority, or economic an estimated 32% British 18-24 years old political framework of a country”6 – such as limitations (leading people to pursue other voted in the 2013 commune elections19 20 joining a political party, voting, lobbying, priorities)14. campaigning, attending political meetings, Further, COMFREL found that 93.4% of all contacting officials, etc7. 8 Ibid, 25. 15 Simon Roughneen, “High turnout in Cambodian local elections as opposition poised to gain,” Nikkei Asian Review, June 5, 2017, 5.4. Informal Participation 9 Ekman and Amnå, “Political,”289. accessed June 7, 2017, http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/ Policy-Politics/High-turnout-in-Cambodian-local-elections-as- 10 Silas Everett and Tim Meisburger, “Democracy in Cambodia – 2014 opposition-poised-to-gain. A Survey of the Cambodian Electorate,” The Asia Foundation (2014): This refers to involvement outside of the 10-11, accessed May 3, 2017, https://asiafoundation.org/resources/ 16 “Participation of Youth in Elections”, The Committee for Free and Fair pdfs/DemocracyinCambodia2014.pdf. Elections in Cambodia (13 July 2007): 1, accessed June 6, 2017, institutional political framework of a country, https://www.comfrel.org/eng/components/com_mypublications/ 11 “Democracy, Elections and Reform in Cambodia 2016,” The files/5651261194396308COMFREL_Editorial__YouthInElection__En_. including civil disobediences or support for a Committee for Free and Fair Elections in Cambodia (2017): 8-9, pdf accessed May 2, 2017, https://www.comfrel.org/eng/components/ cause through protests and demonstrations, com_mypublications/files/397395COMFREL_Democracy_ 17 “Media Habits and Information Sources of Youth in Cambodia”, BBC Report___2016___final_1__March_2017__.pdf. Media in Action, UNDP(2014): 19, accessed June 6, 2017, http:// downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediaaction/pdf/research/cambodia_media_ 4 “National Policy on Youth Development,” Ministry of Education, Youth 12 COMFREL, 2012 Annual Report on Democracy, Elections and habits_research_report.pdf and Sports (2011), assessed May 6, 2017, http://www.youthpolicy. Reform in Cambodia, Phnom Penh: COMFREL, 2013, quoted org/national/Cambodia_2011_Policy_Youth_Development.pdf in Seiha Heng et al, “Enduring the Gap: Decentralisation 18 Pascal Kremer, “Pourquoi moins d’un jeune sur deux a voté aux Reform and Youth Participation in Local Rural Governance,” premier tour des municipales,” Le Monde, March 28 2014 accessed 5 Lester W. Milbrath and M. I. Goel, Political Participation: How and Cambodia Development Resource Institute, (2014): 9, accessed May 5, 2017, http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/03/28/ Why Do People Get Involved in Politics? (Skokie, IL: Rand McNally May 27, 2017, http://web.cdri.org.kh:8080/newgenlibctxt/ pourquoi-moins-d-un-jeune-sur-deux-a-vote-aux-premier- College, 1997), 2. View?From=Library&CatId=24678&OwnLibId=1&LibraryId=1. tour_4391512_823448.html. 6 Joakim Ekman and Erik Amnå, “Political Participation and Civic 13 67% of respondents associated political participation with “trouble”, 19 IPPR quoted in “Force Young People to Vote at First Opportunity, Says Engagement: Towards a New Typology:, in Human Affairs (2012), as seen in “Summary of Research Finding: Youth’s Perspectives on Think Tank”, 26 August 2014, accessed June 6, 2017, http://www.