GEOS 24705 / ENST 24705 / ENSC 21100 Lecture 6 History of energy use II, steam engines The 18th century European energy crisis has 3 parts 1. Fuel became scarce even when only used for heat Wood was insufficient, & coal was geng hard to extract Surface “sea coal” à deep-sha mining below the water table 2. There were limited ways to make mo;on No way to make moCon other than through capturing exisCng moCon or through muscle-power. 3. There was no good way to transport moon Water and wind weren’t necessarily near demand The only means out of the energy crisis was coal – but to mine the coal required mo;on for pumps. The revolu;onary solu;on = break the heat à work barrier The revolu;onary solu;on = break the heat à work barrier use heat to make ordered mo-on Newcomen “Atmospheric Engine”, 1712 (Note that widespread use & Industrial Revolution followed invention by ~100 years – typical for energy technology) Physics: long understood that steam exerted force Evaporang water produces high pressure Pressure = force / area “aeliopile” “lebes”: demonstration of lifting power of steam Hero of Alexandria, “Trease on Pneumacs”, 120 BC Physics: condensing steam can produce sucCon force Low pressure in airCght container means air exerts force Same physics that lets you suck liquid through a straw First commercial use of steam: the Savery engine “A new Inven;on for Raiseing of Water and occasioning Mo;on to all Sorts of Mill Work by the Impellent Force of Fire which will be of great vse and Advantage for Drayning Mines, serveing Towns with Water, and for the Working of all Sorts of Mills where they have not the benefi of Water nor constant Windes.” Thomas Savery, patent applicaon, filed 1698 Savery engine is not a commercial success “.. Savery’s engine was wholly unsuited for draining mines, and he failed to induce the miners to take it up. The greatest height to which it could raise water was.. not more than sixty or eighty feet...Moreover the miners [were]...afraid to introduce furnaces into their shaQs, on account of ...their giving rise to explosions... ” Robert Galloway, “A History of Coal Mining in Great Britain” Issues: Good only for pumping liquids. Efficiency below 0.1% First true steam engine: Thomas Newcomen, 1712, blacksmith (copy of Papin 1690 design) “It was at this juncture that the miners had put into their hands the most wonderful inven;on which human ingenuity had yet produced – the Newcomen steam-engine.. a machine capable of draining with ease the deepest mines; applicable anywhere; requiring liLle or no aLen;on; so docile that its movements might be governed by the strength of a child; so powerful that it could put forth the strength of hundreds of horses; so safe that... the utmost damage that can come to it, is its standing s;ll for want of fire.” Robert Galloway, “A History of Coal Mining in Great Britain” Newcomen’s design is state of the art for 60+ years First true steam engine: Thomas Newcomen, 1712, blacksmith First reciprocang engine: linear moCon of piston that transmits force Steps 1 Fill chamber with steam 2 Cool the chamber to condense steam 3 Low chamber pressure pulls piston down 4 Open valve at bocom of piston, let gravity pull pump side down again ..... Steam fills chamber as piston rises Issues: Very low efficiency: 0.5% Intermicent force transmission Newcomen’s design is state of the art for 60+ years First true steam engine: Thomas Newcomen, 1712, blacksmith First reciprocang engine: linear moCon of piston that transmits force Steps 1 Fill chamber with steam 2 Cool the chamber to condense steam 3 Low chamber pressure pulls piston down 4 Open valve at bocom of piston, let gravity pull pump side down again ..... Steam fills chamber as piston rises Issues: Very low efficiency: 0.5% Intermicent force transmission Newcomen’s design is state of the art for 60+ years First Newcomen engine (1712, Dudley Castle) (reproducon) video: hcps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HC6LUWSBXjk video: hcps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QltRwiu4U2Q Last Newcomen engine (1810 – 1923, Farme Colliery) manually operated valves used for li=ing coal, not pumping What is a “heat engine”? A device that generates converts thermal energy to mechanical work by exploiCng a temperature gradient • Makes something more ordered: random moCons of molecules à ordered moon of enre body • Makes something less ordered: degrades a temperature gradient (transfers heat from hot to cold) All heat engines involve heat flow No heat engine has perfect efficiency All heat engines involve waste heat Cooling towers (from nuclear power plant?) heat from reactor drives a steam turbine Energy-GPD relaonship extends to 19th cent. 100.0 All France 1800-2011 Norway France and the Netherlands Netherlands 1800-2011 USA IrelandSwitzerlandAustriaNetherlandsCanada UKDenmarkGermanyBelgiumSwedenAustralia grew by x 10 from 1800-1900 JapanFrance Finland SpainItaly SKorea GreeceIsrael NewZealand Portugal and energy usage increased Chile correspondingly. Argentina TurkeyMexicoLebanonMalaysia CostaRicaBrazil 10.0 PeruColombiaDominicanRepublicTunisia Ecuador Thailand In last few decades wealth ElSalvador Jordan has risen without much Syria SriLankaBoliviaGuatemala ($1000) Morocco Paraguay Indonesia change in energy use. (This is PhilippinesHonduras India PPP Vietnam common in high-income PakistanNicaragua Cambodia countries.) Bangladesh GDP Haiti 1.0 Nepal $9/yr/W $3/yr/W Data: World Bank, 0.1 ~1960-2011 2005 USD 0.1 1.0 10.0 www.energyhistory.org, Power use per capita (1000 W) converted to 2005 USD 1800 Britain rich but “wasteful” with low-efficiency engines 100.0 All France 1800-2011 1800-1900 Britain: doubling Norway Netherlands 1800-2011 USA energy = doubling wealth. IrelandSwitzerlandAustriaNetherlandsCanada UKDenmarkGermanyBelgiumSwedenAustralia JapanFrance Finland U.K. 1800-2011 SpainItaly SKorea GreeceIsrael NewZealand U.S. 1850-2011 Portugal Both Britain (and U.S.) Chile Argentina historically were “wasteful” TurkeyMexicoLebanonMalaysia CostaRicaBrazil energy users – excess energy 10.0 PeruColombiaDominicanRepublicTunisia Ecuador Thailand used per GDP – and are more ElSalvador Jordan Syria “normal” now. (U.S. was SriLankaBoliviaGuatemala ($1000) Morocco Paraguay Indonesia PhilippinesHonduras wasteful because of abundant India PPP Vietnam PakistanNicaragua wood.) Cambodia Bangladesh GDP Haiti Nepal U.S. note: one datapoint per 1.0 10 years l 1949 $9/yr/W $3/yr/W Data: World Bank, ~1960-2011 2005 USD 0.1 www.energyhistory.org, converted to 2005 USD 0.1 1.0 10.0 Power use per capita (1000 W) U.S. data from EIA First WaL steam engine: James Wa, 1769 patent (1774 producon model) Higher efficiency than Newcomen by introducing separate condenser Reduces wasted heat: cylinder stays always hot, condenser stays always cold. In Newcomen’s engine, the single metal cylinder alternately heats and cools Net: ¼ fuel usage of Newcomen’s engine Improved WaL steam engine: James Wa, 1783 model Albion Mill, London As before: Separate condenser Improvements: • “Double-acCng”: force on both up- and down-stroke • Rotaonal moCon • Engine speed regulator • à Higher efficiency: ~3% Engineers cared about efficiency: coal = money video of 1788 engine Once you have an engine to pump the mines, you envision other uses... Little Eaton Gangway, Derbyshire, working til 1908 Coal and ore from mines have been carried by “tramways” since the 1500’s First locomo;ves – conversions of sta;onary steam engines built by Richard Trevithick, mining engineer Experimented with “high-pressure” steam (50 psi), double-acCng cylinders. 1804 Pen-y-Darren locomoCve, carrying iron in Wales, replacing horse- drawn tramway. Ran ~10 miles at ~2 mph but destroyed track. Image: 1804 Coalbrookdale locomo;ve, which failed. No images of Pen-y-Darren survive First praccal locomo;ves begin 1814 “Puffing Billy”, designed by William Hedley, (mine manager), built by the mine’s blacksmith and enginewright Coal hauler, 9” x 36” cylinders Basically a staonary steam engine placed on wheels, note rocker beam Image: source unknown First passenger locomo;ve, 1829 George Stephenson’s “Rocket”, built for Liverpool and Manchester Railway won the Rainhill trials at 29 mph (unloaded), 14 mph loaded first example of single pair of drive wheels Stephenson was a mine engineman and brakeman, then enginewright. Illiterate til age 18. Built first locomotive in 1814. Image: source unknown Double-acon steam engine Piston pushed by steam on both up- and down-stroke. No more need for a condenser. Steam is simply vented at high temperature slide valve alternates input & exhaust Double-acon steam engine slide valve alternates input & exhaust Double-acon steam engine primary use: transportation Where and what period is this locomoCve from? Where and what period is this locomoCve from? Early, primitive: conductor stands in open air only four wheels, still looks like a carriage Britain: coal burner (no spark catcher chimney) heavy wheels for solid straight track 1846 London & Birmingham locomotive Where and what period is this locomoCve from? Where and what period is this locomoCve from? U.S.: - wood-burning with spark-catcher chimney - lightweight front wheel assembly (‘bogie’), non-driven, to swivel around curves - “cow-catcher” front for travel where livestock is unfenced - single pair of driving wheels, 2 sets of 4 undriven wheels: “4-2-4” arrangement Where and what period is this locomoCve from? 1855 “Pony” locomotive, built in Paterson NJ Where and what period is this locomoCve from? Where and what period is this locomoCve from? U.S.: - wood-burning with spark-catcher chimney (also carrying wood cart) - lightweight front ‘bogie’, 2 driving wheels: 4-4-0 “American type” pattern - “cow-catcher” front for travel where livestock is unfenced Mid-1800s: - larger boiler than 1850’s locomotive - most U.S. locomotives of mid-1800s are 4-4-0 Where and what period is this locomoCve from? Houston and Texas Central Locomotive, ~1868, 4-4-0 a classic U.S. locomotive of the frontier “Old West” era A famous locomoCve of the same period President Lincoln’s funeral train specially built for the President in 1865, typical 4-4-0 here en route from Washington DC to Springfield IL carrying Lincoln’s body Where and what period is this locomoCve from? Where and what period is this locomoCve from? U.S.