Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2016 A study on interaction-driven comparison between analog and digital gaming control interface on smartphone Sang-Duck Seo Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Art and Design Commons Recommended Citation Seo, Sang-Duck, "A study on interaction-driven comparison between analog and digital gaming control interface on smartphone" (2016). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 16011. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/16011 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A study on interaction-driven comparison between analog and digital gaming control interface on smartphone by Sang-Duck Seo A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Human Computer Interaction Program of Study Committee: Sunghyun R. Kang, Major Professor Paul Bruski Anson Call Tejas Dhadphale Seda McKilligan Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2016 Copyright © Sang-Duck Seo, 2016. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... xii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Background .................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Purpose ........................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ....................................................... 5 2.1. Overview of Gaming Environment .............................................................. 5 2.1.1. Digital Gaming Industry ...................................................................... 6 2.1.2. Video/PC Game ................................................................................... 8 2.1.3. Mobile Game ....................................................................................... 13 2.2. Smartphone User Environment ..................................................................... 17 2.2.1. History of the Digital Revolution ........................................................ 19 2.2.2. Mobile Device Technology .................................................................. 22 2.3. Analog and Digital Interface ......................................................................... 27 2.3.1. Definition ............................................................................................. 29 2.3.2. Being Analog in Hardware and Digital in Software ............................ 30 2.3.3. Analysis of Effectiveness in User Interface Design ............................ 32 2.3.4. Digilog Design ..................................................................................... 33 2.4. User Interface Design ................................................................................... 41 2.4.1. Graphic User Interface (GUI) .............................................................. 44 2.4.2. Gesture based Interaction Design ........................................................ 45 2.4.3. Analysis of Input Control Interface Design ......................................... 47 2.4.4. Affordance Design ............................................................................... 57 2.4.5. Human Factors and Ergonomics .......................................................... 61 iii 2.5. Related Works ............................................................................................... 64 2.5.1. Touchscreens and Hand Gesture Interaction ....................................... 65 2.5.2. Touchscreens vs. Analog Input Control ............................................... 69 2.5.3. Analysis Methods for Measurement and Evaluation of Usability Test 72 CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR PILOT STUDY 75 3.1. Method of Usability Test in Pilot Study ....................................................... 76 3.1.1. Description of Procedure ..................................................................... 76 3.1.2. Game Information ................................................................................ 77 3.1.3. Implementation of Usability Test ........................................................ 81 3.2. Result and Findings of Pilot Study ............................................................... 82 3.2.1. Analysis of Demographic .................................................................... 82 3.2.2. Result of Usability Test in Pilot Study ................................................ 83 3.2.3. Analysis of Exit Surveys ...................................................................... 87 3.2.4. Analysis of Open-ended Survey .......................................................... 95 3.2.5. Other findings ...................................................................................... 97 3.2.6. Summary of Findings from the Usability Test on Pilot Study............. 99 3.3. Proposal for the Main Study ......................................................................... 101 CHAPTER IV. A MAIN STUDY OF THE TOUCHSCREEN USABILITY .... 103 4.1. Method of Usability Test .............................................................................. 104 4.1.1. Description of Procedure ..................................................................... 105 4.1.2. Game Information ................................................................................ 106 4.1.3. Implementation of Usability Test ........................................................ 110 4.2. Results and Findings of Main Study ............................................................. 116 4.2.1. Method of Data Analysis ..................................................................... 116 4.2.2. Analysis of Demographic .................................................................... 117 4.2.3. Result of Usability Test ....................................................................... 118 4.2.4. Findings of Group A-D ........................................................................ 120 4.2.5. Findings of Group E-H ........................................................................ 130 4.3. Summaries of Usability Test ......................................................................... 144 4.3.1. Comfort Level ...................................................................................... 144 4.3.2. Effectiveness Level .............................................................................. 145 4.3.3. Accuracy Level .................................................................................... 146 4.3.4. Summary of User Behaviors and Open-ended Discussion .................. 147 4.3.5. Discussion with Different Effectiveness based on Gender .................. 149 iv CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION, DISCUSSION AND FUTURE STUDY ......... 153 5.1. Conclusion .................................................................................................... 153 5.2. Discussion and Future Study ........................................................................ 156 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 158 APPENDIX A: INFORMED CONSENT DOCUMENT .......................................... 169 APPENDIX B: IRB EXEMPT APPROVAL DOCUMENT .................................... 172 APPENDIX C: PARTICIPANTS RECRUITMENT FLYER ................................... 173 APPENDIX D: WORD OF MOUTH SCRIPT FOR PARTICIPANT RECRUITMENT ....................................................................................................... 174 APPENDIX E: EMAIL SCRIPT FOR PARTICIPANT RECRUITMENT .............. 175 APPENDIX F: SCRIPT FOR INTRODUCING A USABILITY TEST ................... 176 APPENDIX G: SURVEY FOR PARTICIPANT INFORMATION ......................... 177 APPENDIX H: PILOT STUDY TASKS .................................................................. 178 APPENDIX I: EXIT SURVEY ................................................................................. 180 APPENDIX J: REVISED INFORMED CONSENT DOCUMENTATION ............. 182 APPENDIX K: IRB EXEMPT APPROVAL DOCUMENT FOR MODIFICATION FORM ................................................................................. 187 APPENDIX L: PARTICIPANTS RECRUITMENT FLYER FOR MAIN STUDY 188 APPENDIX M: WORD OF MOUTH SCRIPT FOR PARTICIPANT RECRUITMENT OF MAIN STUDY ....................................................................... 189 APPENDIX N: EMAIL SCRIPT FOR PARTICIPANT RECRUITMENT OF MAIN STUDY .................................................................................................... 190 APPENDIX O: SCRIPT FOR INTRODUCING A USABILITY TEST ON MAIN STUDY ...................................................................................................