The Greater Middle East in Global Politics amineh_f1_prelims.indd i 8/28/2007 5:26:14 PM International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology Editorial Board Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo Rubin Patterson Masamichi Sasaki VOLUME 106 amineh_f1_prelims.indd ii 8/28/2007 5:26:14 PM The Greater Middle East in Global Politics Social Science Perspectives on the Changing Geography of the World Politics Edited by M. Parvizi Amineh LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 amineh_f1_prelims.indd iii 8/28/2007 5:26:14 PM This book was published with nancial support from the International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS), Leiden, The Netherlands. This book is also published in Brill’s Journal ‘Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 6.1–6.3, 2007’ Cover design by Sandra van Merode This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Greater Middle East in global politics : social science perspectives on the changing geog- raphy of the world politics / edited by M. Parvizi Amineh. p. cm. — (International studies in sociology and social anthropology) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-90-04-15859-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Middle East—Politics and government. 2. World politics. 3. Middle East—Social conditions. I. Amineh, Mehdi Parvizi. II. Title. DS62.4.G68 2007 956.05—dc22 2007024766 ISSN 0074–8684 ISBN 978 90 04 15859 7 Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands amineh_f1_prelims.indd iv 8/28/2007 5:26:14 PM To Mona amineh_f1_prelims.indd v 8/28/2007 5:26:14 PM amineh_f1_prelims.indd vi 8/28/2007 5:26:14 PM CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures ................................................................ xi Acknowledgments ............................................................................. xiii List of Contributors .......................................................................... xv List of Abbreviations ........................................................................ xxi I. Introduction: Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Study of the Greater Middle East ...................................... 1 Mehdi Parvizi Amineh PART ONE FOREIGN INTERVENTION AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE GREATER MIDDLE EAST II. IR-Theory and Transformation in the Greater Middle East: The Role of the United States ................................................. 43 Mehdi Parvizi Amineh and Henk Houweling III. Connecting Central Eurasia to the Middle East in American Foreign Policy towards Afghanistan and Pakistan: 1979–Present ............................................................................. 75 Simon Bromley IV. US-Russian Strategic Relations and the Structuration of Central Asia ............................................................................... 97 Robert M. Cutler PART TWO STATE, SOCIETY, AND ECONOMY IN THE GREATER MIDDLE EAST V. The Iranian Revolution: The Multiple Contexts of the Iranian Revolution .................................................................................. 117 Mehdi Parvizi Amineh and S.N. Eisenstadt amineh_f1_prelims.indd vii 8/28/2007 5:26:15 PM viii • Contents VI. Iranian Foreign Policy since the Iranian Islamic Revolution: 1979–2006 ........................................................... 147 Eva Patricia Rakel VII. The Middle East’s Democracy De cit in Comparative Perspective .............................................................................. 177 Mehran Kamrava VIII. The Challenges of Modernity: The Case of Political Islam 203 Mehdi Parvizi Amineh IX. The Turkish Political Economy: Globalization and Regionalism ............................................................................ 217 Nilgun Onder X. The Maghreb: Social, Political, and Economic Developments ......................................................................... 249 Louisa Dris-Aït-Hamadouche and Yahia Zoubir XI. From Soviet Republics to Independent Countries: Challenges of Transition in Central Asia .............................. 279 Mirzohid Rahimov XII. Central Asia since the Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Economic Reforms and Their Impact on State-Society Relations ................................................................................. 301 Richard Pomfret XIII. New Twists, More Intricate Con gurations: The Changing Israel-Palestinian Regional Security Complex ....................... 333 Fred H. Lawson PART THREE THE POLITICS OF OIL AND MAJOR POWER RIVALRY IN THE POST-COLD WAR GREATER MIDDLE EAST XIV. Global Energy Security and Its Geopolitical Impediments: The Case of the Caspian Region .......................................... 353 Mehdi Parvizi Amineh and Henk Houweling amineh_f1_prelims.indd viii 8/28/2007 5:26:15 PM Contents • ix XV. China and the Greater Middle East: Globalization No Longer Equals Westernization ............................................ 377 Kurt W. Radtke XVI. Indian Power Projection in the Greater Middle East: Tools and Objectives ........................................................... 405 Prithvi Ram Mudiam XVII. The Changing Face of the Russian Far East: Cooperation and Resource Competition between Japan, Korea, and China in Northeast Asia ...................................................... 429 Roger Kangas XVIII. India-Pakistan Engagement with the Greater Middle East: Implications and Options .................................................... 449 B.M. Jain XIX. The EU’s Policies of Security of Energy Supply towards the Middle East and Caspian Region: Major Power Politics? ................................................................................. 473 Femke Hoogeveen and Wilbur Perlot Bibliography ...................................................................................... 497 Index ................................................................................................. 525 amineh_f1_prelims.indd ix 8/28/2007 5:26:15 PM amineh_f1_prelims.indd x 8/28/2007 5:26:15 PM List of Tables and Figures • xi List of Tables and Figures Table 10.1 Algerian economic indicators .................................... 276 Table 12.1 Republics of the Soviet Union (a) Initial condition .................................................... 304 (b) Maddison’s estimates of per capita GDP at PPP 305 Table 12.2 Growth in real GDP 1989–2005 (percent) ................ 306 Table 12.3 In ation (change in consumer price index) 1991–2005 (percent) ................................................... 307 Table 12.4 International trade, 1993–2003 (million US dollars) ........................................................................ 325 Table 14.1 Projected global oil and natural gas consumption, 2003–2030 .................................................................. 366 Table 14.2 Proven oil and natural gas reserves in the Caspian Sea Region, Europe, US and Middle East, 2005 ..... 369 Table 14.3 Top 20 countries in estimated oil and natural gas reserves, 2005 ............................................................. 370 Table 14.4 Caspian Sea Region oil production and exports ...... 372 Table 14.5 Caspian Sea Region natual gas production and exports ........................................................................ 373 Table 19.1 Top-10 crude oil supply origins of EU-19 in 1978 (in MMbbl/d) ............................................................. 478 Table 19.2 Top-10 crude oil supply origins of EU-19 in 2004 (in MMbl/d) ............................................................... 479 Figure 19.1 Middle East and North Africa share in crude supplies EU-19 ........................................................... 480 amineh_f1_prelims.indd xi 8/28/2007 5:26:15 PM amineh_f1_prelims.indd xii 8/28/2007 5:26:15 PM Acknowledgments • xiii Acknowledgments The successful completion of this broad and complex project depended on the cooperation and intellectual input of many scholars with diverse knowledge and backgrounds. Therefore, rst and foremost, I thank the contributors to this volume. I am especially grateful to Eva Patricia Rakel for her editorial assistance, advice, and management of contacts between contributors, publisher, and editor. I thank my colleague and friend Henk Houweling for his comments, advice, and valuable theoretical input. This project has been supported by the International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS). I owe special thanks to Wim Stokhof (former Director of IIAS, now Secretary General of the International Convention of Asia Scholars (ICAS)), who from the beginning was very enthusiastic about the project. I would also like to thank Max Sparreboom (Director of IIAS) and IIAS staff members Marloes Rozing, Josine Stremmelaar, Manon Osseweijer, Emanuel Haneveld, and Heleen van der Minne. I am grateful to Brill Academic Publishers, especially to Regine Reincke and Ingeborg van der Laan, and to Rubin Patterson (editor of the journal Perspectives on Global