UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I LIBRARY A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ACCENTUAL HISTORY OF THE JAPANESE AND RYUKYUAN LANGUAGES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS DECEMBER 2002 BY Moriyo Shimabukuro Dissertation Committee: Leon A. Serafim, Chairman Robert Blust Kenneth Rehg Patricia Donegan Robert Huey llJ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Looking back upon my life in Honolulu, I have realized how wonderful my life has been. Vivid memories come back as if I am turning pages of a picture album. People that I have met made my life here precious. My studies at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa have been very fruitful. Since the day I arrived, I have learned a great number of things about the Japonic languages from Leon A. Serafim, my advisor. I have really enjoyed myself being with him. This dissertation could not have been completed without his valuable comments, insightful suggestions, and encouragement. lowe him a great amount, especially his time and energy that he spent with me while I was writing my dissertation. To express my appreciation, I would like to say "Ippee nihwee deebiru." I would also like to thank my other committee members, Ken Rehg, Robert Blust, Patricia Donegan, and Robert Huey, for reading this dissertation and giving me insightful comments. I learned a lot from discussions with them. I am grateful to them for being on my committee. I would also like to express my gratitude to Alexander Vovin, who has taught me a lot in class and outside classrooms while I was at the university. His comments and suggestions on my dissertation are very precious and helpful. I am also grateful to my parents, who have been looking forward to my graduation for a long time. They have been very understanding and supportive IV for my studies abroad since I left Okinawa. Without their support, my goal would not have been achieved. Special thanks go to my friends that I have met while at the university. I especially thank those in the Department of Linguistics and the Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures for their support and encouragement. I also appreciate my friends in Hale Manoa for their friendship. I really enjoyed myself spending time with them. Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the late Chizuko Kadekaru. I thank her for her constant support and encouragement. She was waiting to see me complete this dissertation in vain. I would like to dedicate this dissertation to her memory. v ABSTRACT This dissertation reconstructs the accentual history of the Japonic languages (Le., the Japanese and Ryukyuan languages). Applying the comparative method, the reconstruction of Proto Japonic (PI) accent is based on modem dialects ofJapanese and Ryukyuan and also on the dialect of the Ruiju My6gi-shO (a text written in the 11th century). The author looks into 'natural' accentual changes in theJaponic languages and formalizes them. Using these changes or rules, he accounts for the developments of the accent systems of descendant dialects or languages from PJ. Furthermore, he takes typology of accent (i.e., locus and register) into account and explains how typologically different accent systems develop. The dissertation has revealed that Hattori Shiro's accentual subcategories for disyllables are seen not only in Amami and Okinawa Ryukyuan, as he claims, but also seen in Yaeyama and Miyako Ryukyuan. Based on this, the author argues that Proto Ryukyuan (PR) and PJ must have had these distinctions, although Hattori did not reconstruct them. Therefore, there are in total eight accent categories for PJ disyllables - it had been thought that there were only five distinctions. Kyoto dialect has been thought to have evolved directly from the dialect of the Ruiju My6gi-shO. Because of this, it was difficult to account for the development of Kyoto dialect. However, based on accentual correspondences, the author contends that Kyoto dialect is not a direct descendant of the dialect of VI the Ruiju Myogi-shO, and that the development of the Kyoto dialect is explained by the aforementioned natural changes. The correlation between a long vowel in the initial syllable and word­ initial register has been suggested by Samuel E. Martin and Hattori. However, the register in relation to the length has not been reconstructed. This dissertation gives more evidence to support the register hypothesis, and reconstructs a register system in PR and PJ. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOLEWGEMENTS iii ABSTRACT v UST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .•....•............•...•..••......•.. 1 1.1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION ON JAPONIC LANGUAGE HISTORy •...•..•......•.•...............•........, 1 1.1.1. Proto Japonic and Proto Ryukyuan 1 1.1.2. Relation to social and political history ofJapanese archipelago " .. .. ..... .. 2 1.1.3. Relation to other languages in the region....................... 3 1.2. ISSUES TO BE DEALT WITH AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THESE ISSUES .•...............•.••...•.•........•....•...•..•.....•..•• 4 1. Kindaichi's or Ramsey's hypothesis.............................. 4 2. Pitch and vowel length 6 3. Devoiced vowels...................................................... 6 4. How pitch accent changes in Japanese 7 5. Whether neighboring languages such as Korean and Ainu have kept suprasegmental and segmental features of earlier stages of theJapanese language..................... 7 6. Whitman's Law....................................................... 7 7. Register and initial voiced obstruents 8 1.3. PITCH ACCENT IN RELATION TO MORAS, SYLLABLES, PITCH, STRESS, AND TONES ••••.•.•.••...•.... 9 CHAPTER 2: CRITICAL REVIEW •.•.•.•.•.••.••.•.•.•.•.••.•.•..•........ 17 2.1. HATTORI..............••...•.•.•..•.•...•...•.•.•..•. 17 2.2. KINDAICHI ...........•........•..•..••••...•.••...•.•...••......•.....•... 32 2.3. TOKUGAWA ..•••...•.•.•...••.....••.•.......••...•......•.....••......... 43 2.4. OKUDA ..••...•....••.•.••.•.•...•...••..•.. .•.....•..•....... 49 2.5. MCCAWLEY 52 2.6. RAMSEY ........................•..•....•.................. •.. 59 2.7. THORPE ...•..•... .•.•... 67 2.8. MARTIN .........................•.....••.....•................•..•..•......•. 73 2.9. MATSUMORI •......••••••......•.•.•....•.•................................ 77 viii CHAPTER 3: HISTORICAL LINGUISTIC METHODS . 86 3.1. "KOKUGOGAKU" IN JAPAN •..•..••......................'" . 86 3.2. WESTERN LINGUISTICS ...•...........•...•.•...•..•.....•........... 87 3.3. METHODOLOGY .•...•....•..•....•.•.......•...................••.•..... 88 3.3.1. Methods for reconstruction of Proto Japonic and Proto Ryukyuan accent . 88 3.3.2. Establishment of accent categories .. 89 3.3.3. Filling the categories with phonological material . 90 3.3.4. Explanation of the development of modem accent with phonetically reasonable sound changes . 92 3.3.5. Phonological framework .. 93 CHAPTER 4: ACCENT CHANGE ....•..•........••.•......•..•............ 96 4.0. INTRODUCTION .•..•.•••..•••.••...•..•...............................•. 96 4.1. ACCENT CHANGE IN JAPONIC LANGUAGES .•.............. 96 4.1.1. Accentual change in historical written records................... 97 4.1.2. Accent in careful speech and connected speech 107 4.1.3. Accent shift in relation to vowel devoicing 111 4.1.4. Accent change in relation to vowel length 113 4.1.5. Accent shift in relation to vowel quality 113 4.1.6. Accent conditioned by syllable structure 114 4.1.7. Accent in two different generations................................ 114 4.1.8. Overview 115 4.2. ACCENT CHANGE IN OTHER LANGUAGES .••........••..... 117 4.2.1. Korean 118 4.2.2. African languages......................................... .. 121 4.2.2.1. Phonetic tone rules 122 4.2.2.2. Morphophonemic tone rules................................. 126 4.2.2.3. Summary ~..... 128 4.2.3. Austronesian languages 129 4.2.3.1. Bahasa Indonesia 129 4.2.32. Mukah 130 4.2.3.3. Sangiric languages 131 4.2.3.4. Conclusion on accentual change in Austronesian languages...................................... 131 4.2.4. Chinese 132 4.2.5. Summary 133 CHAPTER 5: RECONSTRUCTION OF PROTO RYUKYUAN ACCENT....................................................... 135 5.1. INTRODUCTION 135 IX 5.2. AMAMI RYUKYUAN ..............•......•.••..........•.........•..'" 136 5.2.1. Description of Amami Ryukyuan accent........................ 136 5.2.1.1. Naze dialect 137 5.2.1.2. Kamishiro dialect... .. .... 142 5.2.1.3. Kametsu dialect 149 5.2.2. Correspondences and reconstruction of Proto Amami accent 154 5.2.3. Discussion on methods for reconstruction 161 5.2.4. Development of accent from PA to modem Amami dialects 172 5.2.4.1. Development of Naze accent 173 5.2.4.2. Development of Kamishiro accent 175 5.2.4.3. Development of Kametsu accent 178 5.3. OKINAWA RYUKYUAN .........•......••.••...•.•........•.......•. 180 5.3.1. Description of Okinawa Ryukyuan 180 5.3.1.1. Nakijin dialect 180 5.3.1.2. Shuri dialect 187 5.3.1.3. Aguni dialect 191 5.3.2. Correspondences and reconstruction of Proto Okinawan accent 195 5.3.3. Accent and vowel length 202 5.3.4. Development of Modem Okinawan accent from Proto Okinawan accent ,.. .. .. .. .. ... 208 5.3.4.1. Development of Nakijin accent 208 5.3.4.2. Development of Shuri accent.................................... 211 5.3.4.3. Development of Aguni accent 214 5.4. MIYAKO RYUKYUAN ..••....•.•.•............................•....•. 217 5.4.1. Description of Miyako Ryukyuan accent 217 5.4.1.1. Ikema dialect 217 5.4.1.2. Oura dialect