University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School July 2020 Domestic Life during the Late Intermediate Period at El Campanario Site, Huarmey Valley, Peru Jose Luis Peña University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Scholar Commons Citation Peña, Jose Luis, "Domestic Life during the Late Intermediate Period at El Campanario Site, Huarmey Valley, Peru" (2020). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/8478 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Domestic Life during the Late Intermediate Period at El Campanario Site, Huarmey Valley, Peru by Jose Luis Peña A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Anthropology Department of Anthropology College of Art and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Robert H. Tykot, Ph.D. E. Christian Wells, Ph.D. Nancy White, Ph.D. David Chicoine, Ph.D Mary Glowacki, Ph.D. Date of Approval: April 7, 2020 Keywords: household, pottery analysis, Andes, identity Copyright 2020, Jose L. Peña DEDICATION I dedicated this dissertation to my beloved wife Patti Peña for her constant support and patience during this incredible journey, and to my twins, Christian and Anna, for their constant love and hugs in times when I need them the most. A special thanks to my parents Jose and Rosa Peña for their words of encouragement that helped me go through the most difficult times of this journey. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research project of this dissertation was possible thanks to the support and guidance of various individuals and institutions. I would like to thank my advisor and committee chair Dr. Robert H. Tykot for his guidance and support through this entire dissertation process. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Christian Wells, Dr. Nancy White, Dr. David Chicone, and Dr. Mary Glowacki for their valuables comments that help me improve this dissertation. I would like to thank my best friend Eduardo Eche Vega, who was constantly by my side in Peru during the fieldwork and the laboratory portions of this research, and whose constant support helped me get to the finish line. I would like to acknowledge the contributions of the following individuals: Diego Fernandez Siccha, who conducted the textile analysis of the domestic areas; Emily Davis, who conducted the botanical analysis; Jacob Warner, who conducted the shellfish analysis; Joel Garcia Cruz and Hoover Rojas Cabanillas for conducting the ceramic drawings that are included in this dissertation; and Jane Cuccia, who helped with editing this dissertation. I have to give a special thanks to family members who supported my wife and I during this entire dissertation process: George and Gloria Harley; Gecole Harley; Ginnae Harley; Carolyn Frazier; Donna Frazier; and recently departed mother-in-law Mildred Burgess Hannaham. I would also like to thank the following close friends whose support during the various stages of this dissertation meant a great deal to me: David and Kim Murray; Dr. Ashley Maxwell; Jacob Jones; Lauren Salamon; Sylvia Sloan McKenzie; Jacqueline Corley; Chris Griesbach; and Ryan Logan. I would also like to express my thanks and gratitude to Dr. Atsushi Yamamoto and the University of Yamagata (Japan) for conducting the radiocarbon dating of the El Campanario samples. Special thanks to the director of the Max Uhle Museum in Casma (Peru) Lic. Luis Burgos for his support during the analysis of the archaeological materials from El Campanario. Lic. Milton Lujan Davila for his assistance during the project paperwork in Lima, Peru. I would also like to thank the Peruvian Ministry of Culture for granting the necessary permit approvals to conduct the excavation work conducted at the El Campanario site (207-2015 DGPC-VMPCIC/MC and 195- 2016-DGPA-VMPCIC/MC). I am very grateful to the following individuals, who traveled to Huarmey, Peru to assist with the excavation work and laboratory analysis conducted at El Campanario: Trevor Duke; Nicholas Altizer; Anne Riley; Jen Boggs; Monty McGavock; Annick Brinkman; Emely Espinoza; Gabriella Panarello; Jennifer Singletary; Stephane Valade, Maegan Argo, Mark Chavez; Paloma Cuello del Pozo, Chandler Houghtalin; Sussy Goeters; Urvi Kaul; Theodore Moreno; Alexandra Ritter; Jane Wong; and Martin Serquen Aguilar. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………….. iv List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………….. v . Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………... ix Chapter I: Introduction………………………………………………………………………….... 1 1.1 Household Research…………………………………………………………………. 2 1.2 Research Objectives………………………………………………………………….. 3 1.3 Organization of the Dissertation……………………………………………............... 6 Chapter II: The North Coast of Peru during the Late Intermediate Period………………………. 9 2.1 The Middle Horizon on the North Coast of Peru……………………………………. 9 2.2 The Sican/Lambayeque Polity………………………………………………………. 11 2.3 The Chimú Polity……………………………………………………………………. 14 2.4 The Casma Polity……………………………………………………………………. 17 Chapter III: Casma Material Culture……………………………………………………………. 21 3.1 Casma Archaeological Studies in Other Coastal Valley……………………………. 21 3.1.1 Culebras Valley…………………………………………………………… 21 3.1.2 Casma Valley……………………………………………………............... 24 3.1.3 Nepeña Valley…………………………………………………………….. 34 3.1.4 Santa Valley………………………………………………………………. 36 3.1.5 Chao Valley………………………………………………………………. 39 3.2 Casma Ceramics …...……………………………………………………………….. 40 3.3 Chronology of the Casma Style…………………………………………………….. 48 3.4 Casma Architecture and Settlement Patterns……………………………………….. 51 3.5 Casma Socio-political Organization………………………………………………… 53 Chapter IV: Theoretical Approaches……………………………………………………………. 56 4.1 Household archaeology……………………………………………………............... 56 4.1.1 Communities of Practice and Identity…………………………………….. 62 4.1.2 Community and Neighborhood…………………………………………… 65 4.2 Craft Production…………………………………………………………………….. 67 4.3 Approaches to Landscape in Archaeology………………………………………….. 72 4.3.1 Taskscapes………………………………………………………………… 76 4.4 Boundaries and Borderlands………………………………………………………… 78 i Chapter V: Environmental and Cultural Setting of the Huarmey Valley……………………….. 86 5.1 Geography…………………………………………………………………............... 86 5.2 The Huarmey Basin………………………………………………………………… 87 5.3 Geomorphology…………………………………………………………………….. 88 5.4 Hydrography………………………………………………………………............... 89 5.5 Ecology……………………………………………………………………………... 90 5.6 Climate……………………………………………………………………………… 94 5.7 Flora y fauna……………………………………………………………………….. 94 5.8 Geology…………………………………………………………………….............. 95 5.9 Cultural Development in the Huarmey Valley…………………………………….. 99 5.10 El Niño Phenomenon…………………………………………………………….. 107 Chapter VI: Archaeological Research at El Campanario Site…………………………………. 110 6.1 Site Location………………………………………………………………………. 110 6.2 Previous Research at El Campanario……………………………………………… 110 6.3 Survey and Mapping………………………………………………………………. 113 6.4 Division of the Site………………………………………………………………... 115 6.5 Excavation Process at Sector C…………………………………………………… 119 6.6 Post-Excavation Material Analysis……………………………………………….. 120 6.7Excavations at Sector C……………………………………...…………….............. 121 Chapter VII: Household Material Culture at El Campanario…………………………………. 137 7.1 Household Architecture…………………………………………………………… 137 7.2 Radiocarbon Dates………………………………………………………………… 144 7.3 Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Products……………………………………… 144 7.4 Faunal Remains…………………………………………………………………… 147 7.5 Marine Resources…………………………………………………………………. 150 7.6 Ceramics…………………………………………………………………………... 154 7.7 Textiles……………………………………………………………………………. 166 7.8 Lithic Artifacts…………………………………………………………….............. 172 7.9 Other Artifacts…………………………………………………………………….. 174 Chapter VIII: Ceramic Paste and Compositional Analysis at El Campanario………………… 177 8.1 Ceramic Paste Analysis……………………………………………………………. 177 8.2 Trace Element Analysis…………………………………………………………… 189 Chapter IX: Domestic Activities at El Campanario…………………………………………… 196 9.1 Subsistence………………………………………………………………………… 196 9.2 Food Preparation and Consumption……………………………………………….. 197 9.3 Pottery Production…………………………………………………………………. 199 9.4 Textile Production…………………………………………………………………. 201 9.5 Chicha Production…………………………………………………………………. 203 9.6 Ritual Activities……………………………………………………………………. 206 9.7 Household Refuse………………………………………………………………….. 209 ii Chapter X: Domestic Life at El Campanario…………………………………………………... 210 10.1 Household Activities at El Campanario………………………………………….. 210 10.2 Pottery Production at El Campanario…………………………………………….. 214 Chapter XI: Conclusions………………………………………………………………………. 218 11.1 Household and Daily Practices…………………………………………………... 218 11.2 Pottery Production and Identity…………………………………………............... 221 11.3 Ethnic Boundaries and Cultural Contact…………………………………………. 223 11.4 Future Research…………………………………………………………............... 225 References……………………………………………………………………………………... 226 Appendix A: Material Inventory………………………………………………………………. 256 Appendix B: Figures .……………………………………...……….………………................. 294 Appendix C: Trace Element Analysis ...………………………………………………………. 312 iii LIST OF TABLES Table