AGRIVOLTAICS FOR ARID AND SEMI-ARID CLIMATIC ZONES Technology transfer and lessons learned from Japan and Germany Max Trommsdorff Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE International Webinar Series on Agrivoltaics in Africa Time: 9:00-10:00 UTC / 18:00-19:00 JST Thursday, May 13, 2021 www.ise.fraunhofer.com ©Fraunhofer ISE/Foto: Guido Kirsch Copyright: BayWa r.e. © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Agenda Introduction: Background, History and Definition of Agrivoltaics R&D Results from Germany and Experiences from Japan Water-Energy-Food Nexus and Potential for Africa Running R&D-Projects of Fraunhofer ISE in Africa 2 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Challenges of the Energy Transition in Germany Political Objectives, Reality, and Demand Greenhouse gas emissions by 2030: -55% by 2050: ca. -100% Share of Renewable Energy in the electricity consumption by 2030: 65% Electricity demand by 2050: up to 1000 TWh PV-Expansion target by 2030: 98 GW PV-Increase 2013-2018 on average: 1,8 GW/a PV-Increase 2019: 3,9 GW PV-Increase demand by 2030: 5 – 10 GW/a PV-Increase demand by 2050: 400-500 GW Cumulative installed capactiy of PV and wind power for four examined scenarios, Fraunhofer ISE Febr. 2020 3 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Challenges of the Energy Transition - Worldwide Energy Market Scenario by Shell: PV dominating 66 TW 54 TW Solar Oil Biomass & Biofuels Coal Wind 22 TW Natural Gas Nuclear Geothermal 5 TW Hydro https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-is-shells-new-climate-scenario-as-radical-as-it-says 4 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Challenges of the Energy Transition - Worldwide Photovoltaics: Price Development of Modules 5 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Examples of Integrated Photovoltaics 6 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Challenges of the Energy Transition Technical Land Potential in Germany Technical Potential Consideration of technical, infrastructural and ecological constraints 7 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Agrivoltaics – From the Idea to the Implementation Brief History From 2000 EEG feed-in tariffs for Renewable Energies PV „revolution“ First large scale ground-mounted PV plants (PV-GM) EEG-reform 2010: PV-GM only in exceptional cases on arable land The time has come for agrivoltiacs Timeline of APV from 2010 until today Africa: First projects in Mali, Gambia, EU: first notable APV-systems in China: first large scale APV- Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania (2019 FR und I (2011) systems > 10 ha (2015) and 2020) Quelle: Fraunhofer ISE 2010 2015 2021 Germany: EEG-reform 2010 Japan: first gov. supporting France: APV supporting scheme Global installed APV capacity scheme (2013) (2017) min 2,8 GWp 8 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL What is agrivoltaics? 9 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Definitions, Classifications, and Standards of Agrivoltaics Diversity of Agrivoltaics (A) (E) (E) Source: Fraunhofer ISE Source: INRAé Source: Green Source Technology 10 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Definitions, Classifications, and Standards of Agrivoltaics Diversity of Agrivoltaics (A) (E) (E) Source: Corditec Source: Green Source Technology 11 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Definitions, Classifications, and Standards of Agrivoltaics Diversity of Agrivoltaics Source: ÖKO-HAUS GmbH Source: NREL 12 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Definitions, Classifications, and Standards of Agrivoltaics Diversity of Agrivoltaics Source: Agrithermic Source: CVE 13 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Definitions, Classifications, and Standards of Agrivoltaics Diversity of Agrivoltaics Source: Ourjiangsu Source: CVE 14 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Definitions, Classifications, and Standards of Agrivoltaics Diversity of Agrivoltaics Source: Oregon State Universtiy, Mark Floyd Source: Next2Sun 15 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Definitions, Classifications, and Standards of Agrivoltaics Diversity of Agrivoltaics (B) Source: BayWa r.e. Source: REM 16 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Definitions, Classifications, and Standards of Agrivoltaics Photosynthesis as a Criterion for Agrivoltaics Japan: Term “solar sharing” suggests that agricultural production in agrivoltaics relies on direct solar insulation Fraunhofer ISE: “Agrivoltaics is a combined use of an area for agricultural crop production (photosynthesis) and PV electricity production (photovoltaics).” 17 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Classification of Agrivoltaic Systems AGRIVOLTAICS SYSTEM OPEN CLOSED STRUCTURE INTERSPACE PV OVERHEAD PV PV GREENHOUSES OPAQUE BUILDINGS* TYPICAL PV MODULE FIXED, 1-AXIS, 2- FIXED, 1-AXIS FIXED FIXED TILT MANAGEMENT AXIS TYPICAL CLASSIFICATION GRASSLAND FARMING ARABLE FARMING HORTICULTURE AQUACULTURE INDOOR FARMING* APPLICATIONS TYPICAL MUSHROOMS*, AGRICULTURAL FODDER, MEAT, DAIRY STAPLE FOOD FRUITS, VEGETABLES SEAFOOD MEAT, DAIRY PRODUCTS OPEN POND GRAZING ANNUAL CROPS PERENNIALS BARNS, STABLES* AQUACULTURE TYPICAL GREENHOUSE HAYING TEMPORARY PASTURE PERMANENT CROPS VERTICAL FARMING* AGRICULTURAL AQUACULTURE ACTIVITIES OR FLOATING PV BIODIV-PV* CROP ROTATION SPECIALITY CROPS CROPS AQUACULTURE EXAMPLES USE OF LARGE BEEKEEPING* ORCHARDING ONSHORE, OFFSHORE MACHINERY * Typically not considered as agrivoltaics 18 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Narrow Classification Open Systems without Aquaculture AGRIVOLTAICS SYSTEM OPEN CLOSED STRUCTURE INTERSPACE PV OVERHEAD PV PV GREENHOUSES OPAQUE BUILDINGS* TYPICAL PV MODULE FIXED, 1-AXIS, 2- FIXED, 1-AXIS FIXED FIXED TILT MANAGEMENT AXIS TYPICAL CLASSIFICATION GRASSLAND FARMING ARABLE FARMING HORTICULTURE AQUACULTURE INDOOR FARMING* APPLICATIONS TYPICAL MUSHROOMS*, AGRICULTURAL FODDER, MEAT, DAIRY STAPLE FOOD FRUITS, VEGETABLES SEAFOOD MEAT, DAIRY PRODUCTS OPEN POND GRAZING ANNUAL CROPS PERENNIALS BARNS, STABLES* AQUACULTURE TYPICAL GREENHOUSE HAYING TEMPORARY PASTURE PERMANENT CROPS VERTICAL FARMING* AGRICULTURAL AQUACULTURE ACTIVITIES OR FLOATING PV BIODIV-PV* CROP ROTATION SPECIALITY CROPS CROPS AQUACULTURE EXAMPLES USE OF LARGE BEEKEEPING* ORCHARDING ONSHORE, OFFSHORE MACHINERY * Typically not considered as agrivoltaics 19 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Narrow Classification Open Overhead Systems without Aquaculture AGRIVOLTAICS SYSTEM OPEN CLOSED STRUCTURE INTERSPACE PV OVERHEAD PV PV GREENHOUSES OPAQUE BUILDINGS* TYPICAL PV MODULE FIXED, 1-AXIS, 2- FIXED, 1-AXIS FIXED FIXED TILT MANAGEMENT AXIS TYPICAL CLASSIFICATION GRASSLAND FARMING ARABLE FARMING HORTICULTURE AQUACULTURE INDOOR FARMING* APPLICATIONS TYPICAL MUSHROOMS*, AGRICULTURAL FODDER, MEAT, DAIRY STAPLE FOOD FRUITS, VEGETABLES SEAFOOD MEAT, DAIRY PRODUCTS OPEN POND GRAZING ANNUAL CROPS PERENNIALS BARNS, STABLES* AQUACULTURE TYPICAL GREENHOUSE HAYING TEMPORARY PASTURE PERMANENT CROPS VERTICAL FARMING* AGRICULTURAL AQUACULTURE ACTIVITIES OR FLOATING PV BIODIV-PV* CROP ROTATION SPECIALITY CROPS CROPS AQUACULTURE EXAMPLES USE OF LARGE BEEKEEPING* ORCHARDING ONSHORE, OFFSHORE MACHINERY * Typically not considered as agrivoltaics 20 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Agenda Introduction: Background, History and Definition of Agrivoltaics R&D Results from Germany and Experiences from Japan Water-Energy-Food Nexus and Potential for Africa Running R&D-Projects of Fraunhofer ISE in Africa 21 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Research Results from Germany/APV-RESOLA Shade Tolerance: Classification of the Most Relevant Crops in Germany 0 Cereal (e.g. Rye, Barley, Oat) Green cabbage Rapeseed + Pea - Onion Asparagus Wheat Salad Cucumber Carrots Sugar beet Corn Hops Zucchini Radish Cauliflower Pumpkin Spinach Leek Red beets Grapes* Field bean Celery Sunflower Legumes Fennel Fruits* Leave vegetables Broccoli Millet Source: Fraunhofer ISE * Dependent on species and type 22 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Research Results from Germany/APV-RESOLA Selection of the „right“ Arable Crops or Crop Rotations Kategorie Referenzart + Berries, Leaf Vegetables 0 Rape & Barley, Potatoes - Corn Source: Fraunhofer ISE + agricultural agricultural yield [%] 0 PAR – photosynthetic active radiation [%] Shade tolerant arable crops exist Many arabale crops suffer from to high solar radiation Increase in yield and quality improvement through shading is possible Reduction of water shortages 23 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Research Results from Germany/APV-RESOLA Pilot Plant in Heggelbach: Facts and Figures I Installed: 2016 in Heggelbach Region: Bodenseekreis Length: 136m Width: 25m Height: 8m Area: ~ 1/3 ha Source: Hilber Solar Vertical clearance : 5m Installed capacity : 194 kWp Crops: clover, celery, potatoes and winter wheat Quelle: Fraunhofer ISE 24 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Research Results from Germany/APV-RESOLA Pilot Plant in Heggelbach: Facts and Figures II Light management Rain water distribution Fixed-tilt towards southwest Spinnanker fundaments Bifacial glas/glas PV-modules Ram protection Yield monitoring No fence Passageway for agricultural machinery Cross Compliance: high environmental sustainability Soil protection Source: Spinnanker Quelle: Spinnanker Source:Quelle: BayWa Fraunhofer r.e. ISE Source: BayWa r.e. Source: Spinnanker 25 © Fraunhofer ISE FHG-SK: ISE-INTERNAL Research Results from Germany/APV-RESOLA Agriculture: Example Yield Potatoes 350 300 ] -1 250 200 150 marketable yield 100 50 Yield [dt Yield FMha 0 Source: Universität Hohenheim REF APV REF APV 2017 2018 Tubers diameter > 50 mm 35 - 50 mm < 35 mm Source: Universität Hohenheim 2017: Yield under agrivoltaic reduced by 18 % Source: