2016 Minerals Yearbook BELGIUM [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. Department of the Interior October 2019 U.S. Geological Survey The Mineral Industry of Belgium By Sinan Hastorun The mineral industry in Belgium was primarily a Government Policies and Programs manufacturer and processor of metals, having largely transitioned away from mining minerals. As there was no No national mining law was in place in Belgium. The extraction of metal ores in the country, raw materials for its management of mineral resources, with the exception of those metal refining industry were sourced from imports or secondary on the continental shelf in the North Sea, was the responsibility scrap. In 2016, Belgium was the world’s 4th-ranked selenium of the three geographic regions of Belgium: Flanders, Wallonia, producer (excluding the United States), 5th-ranked arsenic and the Brussels capital region. The central Government was and indium producer, and 20th-ranked (tied with the United responsible for the security of the energy supply and nuclear Kingdom) lime producer. The country accounted for 6% of the energy, whereas the regional Governments were responsible world’s selenium output, and 3% each of the world’s output of for overseeing the distribution of natural gas and electricity arsenic and indium. Within the European Union (EU), Belgium conducted by the private sector. The legal regulations governing was a significant processor of cobalt, primary and secondary primary industrial mineral resources and extraction activities copper, lead, pig iron, steel, and zinc. For the United States, were as follows: In Flanders, the Flemish Parliament Act on Belgium was an important import source of antimony, bismuth, Surface Mineral Resources provides the legislative framework gemstones, germanium, mica, rhenium, and tellurium. Belgium for the Flemish Minerals Policy and mandates the development was also an important export destination of iron oxide pigments of a general surface mineral resources plan as well as surface from the United States. The city of Antwerp was an important mineral resource summaries, specifically for sand and clay. global trading center for diamond and the second largest The Vlaams Reglement Betreffende de Milieuvergunning port in Europe (tables 1, 2; U.S. Commercial Service, 2017; (VLAREM) [Flemish Regulations On Environmental Permits] U.S. International Trade Administration, 2017, p. 1; Anderson, form the legal basis for the environmental regulatory process 2018a, b; George, 2018; Jasinski, 2018; Klochko, 2018a, b; with respect to any activities or projects having to do with Olson, 2018; Polyak, 2018; Schnebele, 2018; Tanner, 2018; the extraction of sand and gravel and brick clay that could Thomas, 2018). have an impact on the environment. In Wallonia, decree Carrières [Careers] of July 4, 2002, provides guidelines for Minerals in the National Economy obtaining environmental permits, and the “Code Wallon de l’Aménagement du Territoire, de l’Urbanisme et du The real gross domestic product (GDP) of Belgium increased Patrimoine“(CWATUPE) [Walloon Code of Town and Country by 1.7% in 2016 compared with that of 2015; the nominal Planning, Urbanism and Heritage] sets land use rules that are GDP was $474 billion. In 2015 (the latest year for which applicable to quarries. For offshore activities, the “Act On the comprehensive data were available), the output of the industry, Exploration and Exploitation of Non-Living Resources of the energy, and water sector accounted for 15.1% of the GDP. Territorial Sea and the Continental Shelf” of June 13, 1969, as Manufacturing output contributed 12.8% of the GDP, of which modified on January 20, 1999, and April 22, 1999, provides metallurgy and metal manufacturing made up 1.7%. Mining and specifics regarding concessions, royalties, and supervision quarrying contributed only 0.1% of the GDP (National Bank of with respect to the extraction of sand and gravel (European Belgium, 2017, p. 5, 12; U.S. Commercial Service, 2017). Commission, 2017; European Union, 2017a, b). In 2016, mining and quarrying output increased by 2.3% and industrial production, by 4.6%. Coke and refined petroleum Production products output increased by 10.6% and nonmetallic mineral products output, by 1.8%. Base metals output decreased by The refining of copper, minor metals (cadmium, cobalt, 3.8%, and fabricated metals output, by 0.5% (Statbel, 2018). germanium, selenium, tellurium, and tin, among others), and The mineral industry of the Flanders region produced zinc and the production of steel and steel products were the principally industrial minerals, such as clay, loam, and sand leading activities of the mineral industry in Belgium. In 2016, and gravel by open pit mining. Mineral commodities, primarily the production of pig iron increased by 15%; secondary lead, by industrial minerals, were the region’s second-ranked export 8%; and crude (raw) steel, by 6%. The production of primary category. The mineral extraction industry in Vlaanderen zinc (smelter) decreased by 9%; primary copper (refined), by (Flanders) employed directly about 3,500 people. The Wallonie 4%; secondary tin, by 3%; and hot-rolled steel products and (Wallonia) region produced primarily metals and metallic secondary copper (refined), by 2% each. Among the industrial products. Manufacturing accounted for a higher share of the minerals, nitrogen output decreased by 12% (table 1). value added to the economy of Wallonia than did mineral extraction (Environment, Nature, and Energy Department, 2017, p. 5–6; European Commission, 2018a, b). BELGIUM—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 7.1 Structure of the Mineral Industry is estimated. Olen was a cobalt and specialty materials plant where Umicore produced arsenic trioxide, cobalt and cobalt The principal mining and mineral-processing facilities in compounds, manganese compounds, and nickel compounds. Belgium, with their locations and capacities, are listed in table 2. In 2016, the company installed a new cobalt-refining facility Most of these facilities were privately owned either by Belgian in Olen that would increase its ability to recycle cobalt companies or companies based in other EU member states. and nickel-bearing residues. In the summer of 2016, a new wastewater treatment facility opened, and four wind turbines Mineral Trade were commissioned on the site with a total capacity of Belgium exported a total $382.5 billion1 in goods and services 14 megawatts. In October 2016, the windmills began providing in 2016, which was an increase of 0.5% compared with that of energy to the plant. Future projects included a production 2015, and it imported a total of $357.6 billion worth of goods facility for large germanium wafers. Umicore was also in the and services, which was a decrease of 0.6%. In 2016, mineral process of expanding the capacity of its major metals recycling products were the fifth-ranked export category of Belgium, plant in Hoboken to 500,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) from accounting for 7.5% of total exports; the value of mineral 350,000 t/yr. The company recovered base metals (copper, lead, product exports decreased by 16.3% compared with that of that and nickel), precious metals (gold, iridium, palladium, platinum, of 2015. Base metals exports made up 6.9% of total exports and rhodium, ruthenium, and silver), secondary metals (antimony, decreased in value by 2.6%, whereas exports of precious metals bismuth, and tin), and special metals (indium, selenium, and and stones accounted for 4.7% of the total and increased in tellurium) in Hoboken (Umicore Group, 2015; 2017a–c; value by 5%. In 2016, mineral products were the fourth-ranked Cobalt Institute, 2017). import category; these imports accounted for 11.2% of total Copper, Lead, and Tin.—Metallo Belgium, which was a imports and decreased in value by 16.2% compared with that of subsidiary of Metallo Group, had a production capacity of about 2015. Base metals imports made up 6.6% of total imports and 10,000 metric tons per month (t/mo) of copper anodes and decreased in value by 2.5%, whereas imports of precious metals about 3,000 t/mo of copper cathodes at its plant in Beerse. The and stones accounted for 4.7% of total imports and increased company also produced about 2,000 t/mo of soft and hard lead in value by 4.7% (Belgian Foreign Trade Agency, 2017a, ingots and up to 1,000 t/mo of tin ingots. Metallo Group, which p. 1, 4, 5). had facilities in Belgium and Spain, was the leading producer In 2016, Belgium was a leading exporter of multiple of pure tin in Europe; the product was entirely “low lead” (less minerals and mineral products globally. The country was the than 100 parts per million) and was registered on the London world’s leading exporter of zinc bars, rods, profiles, and wire, Metal Exchange (LME) as “MC” brand. The company refined accounting for 48.9% of world exports, as well as master alloys metal products by casting anode copper into anode molds to of copper (38%), and dolomite (30.8%). It was the second- supply the tank house, resulting in cathodes. Tin and lead were ranked exporter of nitric acid (accounting for a 16.3% share of separated from the anode copper in a first step, and, in a second the world’s exports); kaolin and other kaolinitic clays (13.2%); step, tin and lead were separated from each other through articles of asbestos cement (11.6%); and copper wire (7.4%) and vacuum distillation (Metallo Group, 2017; Taylor, 2017). the third-ranked exporter of worked and nonworked diamond Iron and Steel.—In 2016, Belgium was the 20th-ranked (12.5%); quicklime, slaked lime, and hydraulic lime (8.6%); and crude steel producer globally, producing 7.7 million metric tons nitrites and nitrates (7.5%). Belgium ranked ninth globally in (Mt) compared with 7.3 Mt in 2015. All output was continuously exports of steel, which were shipped to more than 160 countries.