heritage Article On “Arogi” Buildings’ Structural System and Construction Procedure after the 1953 Earthquake in Kefalonia Eleni Theotokatou NTUA Architect, 17562 Athens, Greece; [email protected] Received: 27 June 2019; Accepted: 22 July 2019; Published: 26 July 2019 Abstract: After the series of earthquakes in August 1953, most of Kefalonia’s building stock totally collapsed. The buildings that emerged as a result of a collective effort are commonly referred to as “arogi” buildings, with the term arogi meaning help or assistance. In this way, merely referring to these structures is a direct mention to the circumstances under which they were constructed. The reconstruction of the building stock of the island was based in a series of building types proposed from the authorities, and proceeded replacing the richness of the architectural forms that stood before the earthquake, with austere but necessary settlements. Nevertheless, it is these buildings that constitute today’s image of the island. This study wishes to introduce us to the “arogi” buildings structural system, as it was applied in Kefalonia after the 1953 earthquake, with reference to recent bibliography and the recent experience of the 2014 earthquake. The purpose of setting the grounds for such research would be to highlight the effectiveness of this structural system. Moreover, to emphasize the fact that “arogi” buildings and their construction procedure incorporate Kefalonia’s recent history and have eventually produced today’s available “traditional” architecture of the island. Keywords: arogi buildings; 1953 earthquake; confined masonry; Kefalonia 1. Introduction The Ionian Islands stand in a remarkably seismic area, with Kefalonia literally standing on the Greek trench, i.e., where Eurasian and African lithospheric plates come to meet. Due to its geographical position, all of the islands constantly suffer from earthquakes, whose intensity ranges from innocuous—small intensity earthquakes may occur even on a daily basis for certain periods—to extreme [1], such as the 1953 earthquakes. In August 1953, all the Ionian Islands were severely damaged by series of large earthquakes that lasted about three days [2], [3] (pp. 7–10). The 1953 earthquakes left Kefalonia mourning for the loss of a great number of people and the majority of its building stock [4] (pp. 43–77). In order for the island to be reconstructed, local authorities and mere individuals had to ask for—and thus received—financial and any other kind of help from expatriates, other countries and the Greek state itself [4] (pp. 93–98, 112–133). Eventually in 1954, the Legislative Decree no. 2933/27-07-1954 (GG162A): On reconstruction of earthquake stricken Ionian Islands, sets the legal framework for the necessary procedures for the reconstruction. Article 13 refers to the “constitution of a committee whose obligation is to decide who would be benefited with financial aid, in order to build an anti-seismic house [5] (p. 241). The construction of “arogi” buildings followed the land redistribution that was originally proposed by Legislative Decree no. 2934 [6] and finally certified by the Royal Decree of 8.11.1955. Having no other resources, the possession of land was nothing but the first step for the reconstruction. The necessary Heritage 2019, 2, 2193–2205; doi:10.3390/heritage2030133 www.mdpi.com/journal/heritage Heritage 2019, 2 2194 building materials, plans and relevant studies and mere financial recourses had to be provided by the state, as an aid/arogi. The new houses were to be built following a series of building types proposed from the authorities that could ensure static adequacy but were architecturally unfamiliar: As it concerns spatial manipulation, all ties with tradition were abruptly broken. The locals were not content with the austerity of the proposed designs [4] (pp. 222, 247), [7] (p. 22) and whenever it was feasible, the original designs were adapted from the available engineers. In the public building sector, as Dionusis Zivas puts it: “ ::: for Kefalonia and Ithaki, it was decided that they had to be reconstructed according to the modern architectural forms. The truth is that the case was very tempting and such an opportunity is not often met” [8] (p. 44)—my translation. The sense of loss is still alive in the Ionian Islands, given that many of the witnesses are still alive and tell the story. In some areas—as in the north of Kefalonia, in old Vlachata, the old village of Farsa etc.—one can still find the remains of pre-seismic buildings or even whole villages abandoned by their inhabitants, who moved nearby and built a completely new settlement. Moreover, nature itself keeps the memory alive, as the seismic activity has never ceased to trouble the broader area. For Kefalonia, the recent experience of the 2014 earthquake that caused extensive building damages especially in Paliki, but thankfully no human casualties, not only reminded locals to be in constant vigilance, but drew the engineers’ attention as well [9,10]. Overall, the 2014 earthquake did not cause structural damage to arogi buildings, given they remained in their original state, not burdened with additional storeys or extended. Their remarkable seismic performance after almost 60 years of constant exposure in seismic tenses and especially under the extremely high accelerations and intensity of 2014 earthquake triggered F. Karantoni and S. Pantazopoulou’s further research, whose objective was to compare the confined masonry building method with the traditional unreinforced masonry buildings, as a possible alternative construction method after the earthquake [9,10]. Examining arogi buildings’ structural function is to substantiate their adequate static performance so far. The present paper wishes to open a conversation about arogi buildings as they consist of an essential part of the present building stock in Kefalonia, but they are considered to be lacking architectural interest when they are compared to former Kefalonian architecture—that is, before the 1953 earthquake. Their plain and austere morphology is classified as inappropriate for the island [7] (pp. 22–25) [8] (p. 44), even at the time of extreme need [4] (p. 247). Nevertheless, the architectural is a wide field, where (architectural) morphology is but a manifestation of the given framework in each historical moment. It is from this point of view that the paper intends to talk about arogi buildings: To outline the historical context that created arogi buildings architectural form, as well to understand their structural function. The real objective of this paper is to show that approaching Kefalonia’s housing issue with arogi buildings can be seen as a case of good practice of that time. 2. Materials and Methods The paper intends to introduce arogi buildings, both as technical as well as historical objects. In order to do so, we shall try to briefly outline the Kefalonian architectural tradition, as it was formed up until the earthquake of 1953, in order to understand the inhabitants’ reaction towards the arogi buildings and late modern architectural morphology [7] (pp. 22–25). Following that brief report, the paper refers to the several stages of the reconstruction after the 1953 earthquake: From temporary housing attempts, to the redevelopment of the land and the construction of permanent buildings. All the references above constitute the necessary background in order to proceed examining closely the procedure and the structural system itself of arogi buildings. In order to understand the behavior of reinforced confined masonry (RCM) buildings, we will attempt to compare their basic structural functions to those of reinforced concrete (RC) frames with infill walls, which is widely applied in Greece and Kefalonia in particular. Heritage 2019, 2 2195 The historical reference in 1953 earthquake is based in written testimonials [3,4,7], which include references to the original material (newspapers, legislative decrees, legal papers etc.), as well as in oral descriptions. The oral descriptions have not been recorded and systematized under the form of a formal interview or questionnaire and so they were taken into account as mere confirmation of common knowledge and not as direct references. The existence of a building manual issued by the Agricultural Applications Management of the Ministry of Agriculture (in Greek: Dιεύθυνση Aγ%oτικ¸ν Eϕα%µoγ¸ν), written by an educator of the Agricultural Building and Carpentry Schools that apparently operated in 1954 [11], as well as a series of official instructions [12–14], provided information on the necessary specifications of that particular construction method. In addition, a thorough description of the proposed building types was possible through a full series of plans of the twenty-five (25) arogi types that was kindly released by the City Planning Services Office of the Municipality of Kefalonia in the Ionian Islands District. As it concerns the references on the way the building method was actually applied, the 2014 earthquake exposed the inner structure in several arogi buildings, which had to be repaired. As so, it was possible to witness a considerable number of these buildings, accompanying an assessment professional. Moreover, the author was allowed access to an engineer’s archive in Lixouri, going through technical reports in comparison to plans for about 50 arogi buildings in a total of 183 repair studies after the 2014 earthquake. All of the buildings are in Paliki, which was severely stricken by the earthquake. 3. Up to 1953 The year 1953 met Kefalonian architecture to the point it had reached almost 450 years since the island authorities collaborated with the Venetian Republic in order to prevent the Turkish invasion, an occupation that lasted until 1797. During that period, the venetians respected the established character of the island, as it is expressed through language, religion, customs etc. and at a certain extent its political autonomy. Prosperity, especially among the aristocracy, allowed for the construction of impressive mansions, whose architecture refers directly to the Venetian baroque.