(i) vv KENYA - ETHIOPIA RELATIONS: A STUDY OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CO-OPERATION, 1963 - 1991 UJCEPTBD 1TO& .ff.- Vv'X fv UNlVt* BY LODUOGOod CYPRINE ONYANGO gftgY AFRICANA COLLECTION A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNMENT UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, 1995 - - UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI LIBRARY c 1JBK k v t o n m •p o fl V I s T H .II0100140 3 (ii) DECLARATION I / Oduogo Cyprine Onyango, do hereby declare that this thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University. ; ODUOGO CYPRINE ONYANGO This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as Supervisor. DR. S.W. ROHIO (iii) CONTENTS Tittle..................................................... i Declaration................................................ii List of contents.......................................... iii Acknowledgement........................................... vii Abstract................................................... viii List of tables.............................................xiv Abbreviations..............................................xv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0. Background to the Problem .................... 1 1.1. Statement of the problem........................... 5 1.2. Objectives of the study............................ 6 1.3. Hypotheses......................................... 7 1.4 Literature Review.................................. 7 1.5. Justification of the study......................... 16 1.6. Theoretical Framework.............................. 18 1.7. Methodology........................................ 22 1.8. Endnotes............................................ 25 VIV) CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND SITUATIONS OF KENYA AND ETHIOPIA 2.0 Introduction....................................... 31 2.1. Ethiopia: A Historical Background.................. 31 2.2. Leadership and ideology in Ethiopia................ 44 2.3. Kenya: A Historical Background..................... 46 2.4. Leadership and ideology in Kenya................... 56 2.5. Endnotes............................................ 58 CHAPTER 3 TRADE BETWEEN KENYA AND ETHIOPIA 3.0. Introduction....................................... 61 3.1. Convergence of national interests in trade 1963-1991... 62 3.2. Endnotes............................................... 36 (V) CHAPTER 4 SOMALIA'S CLAIMS ON KENYA'S AND ETHIOPIA'S TERRITORIES: KENYA AND ETHIOPIA'S POSITIONS 4.0. Introduction.......................................... 91 4.1. Somalia's claims on Kenya's and Ethiopia's territories: A historical background................................. 93 4.2. Somalia's claims on Kenya's territory (NFD).......... 102 4.3. Kenya's position on Somalia's claims................ 118 4.4. Somalia's claims on Ethiopia's territory (The Ogaden). 126 4.5. Ethiopia's position cn Somalia's claims.............. 137 4.6. Erdnctes................................................ 148 CHAPTER 5 KENYA-ETHIOPIA RELATIONS: THE SECURITY FACTOR 5.0. Introduction.......................................... 156 5.1. The convergence of national interests of Kenya and Ethiopia................................................ 157 5.2. Endnotes................................................ 187 (vi) CHAPTER 6 GEOPOLITICS AND THE CO-OPERATIVE KENYA - ETHIOPIA RELATIONS Introduction................................. 192 Geopolitics: Its contribution to co-operative Kenya-Ethiopia relations...................... 194 Endnotes...................................... 210 CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Introduction....................... 215 Summary of the chapters............ 215 Objectives and means of analysis. 217 Hypotheses and findings............ 219 Contribution of the study.......... 223 Research problems.................. 224 Endnotes.......................... 226 Selected Bibliography ............. 227 (vii) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to thank the SASAKAWA for offering me a scholarship which enabled me to do this study. I would also like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. S. w. Rohio for his excellent assistance throughout the process of writing this thesis. His helpful suggestions and criticisms concerning the style and content of this thesis proved to be valuable in its completion. I would also like to thank Dr. E. Dalizu and Dr. Nick Wanjohi, Chairman Government Department, University cf Nairobi whose suggestions and criticisms were also useful for the writing and completion of this thesis. My deep appreciation goes to my husband Dr. Frederick Oahiambo Cnyango, my father Benson Oduogo and my mother Roseline Oduoco for constantly advising me to do my best always and my sisters Angelline Aoko and Lewnida Auma for their encouragements - Their deep love and sincere commitment to my success made a difference in my life. Finally, I would like to thank Mrs. Agatha A. Ombwayo, Ms Sarah J. Saina and Mr. Domnic 0. Olongo for their excellent typing and organization of this thesis. (viii) ABSTRACT This thesis analyses and explains the nature of inter-state relations between Kenya and Ethiopia. An analysis of the two countries' relations shows that despite change of leadership in both Kenya and Ethiopia and despite the fact that the two countries had different colonial backgrounds and different ideologies.Kenya -Ethiopia relations remained good. There was co-operation between them for more than two decades. Further analysis shows that certain economic and political factors contributed to co-operative Kenya - Ethiopia relations. The economic factor was mainly trade while the political factors included geopolitics and the security factor. The question that is raised here is : What was the significance of these factors in contributing to co-operative Kenya - Ethiopia relations ? Specifically then , the study seeks to analyse and explain the significance of economic and political factors that underlay co­ operative Kenya - Ethiopia relations during 1963 - 1991. The aims of the study therefore were: 1. To show the extent to which trade contributed to co-operative Kenya - Ethiopia relations. 2 . To show the extent to which the security factor contributed to co-operative Kenya - Ethiopia relations . 3 . To show the extent to which geopolitics contributed to co­ operative Kenya - Ethiopia relations . This study tested the following three hypotheses . 1 . That bilateral trade was significant in contributing to co-operative (ix) Kenya - Ethiopia relations . 2 . That the security factor was significant in contributing to co-operative Kenya - Ethiopia relations. 3. That geopolitics was significant in contributing to co-operative Kenya - Ethiopia relations . In this study, library research constituted the dominant source of information. The bulk of the information was obtained from secondary sources namely, books, newspapers, magazines, journals, and published and unpublished speeches of government leaders . This data collection technique was found useful to our study because it was cheap as most of the needed materials were found in the libraries within Nairobi where the research was conduted. Secondly this tecnique enabled us to find some data which coud not be found through interviews, especially data on Kenya - Ethiopia security matters. We overcame this problem by reading journals like the African Research Bulletin ,Africa Conteporary Record, Africa Diary, and newspapers, where we could either find the whole treaty and communique quoted or part of the treaty and communique quoted. The problem we faced by using this technique was that of confirming the factor that was significant in contributing to co­ operative Kenya - Ethiopia relations. Due to such limitations, unstructured- oral interviews were conducted among seme Kenyan and Ethiopian government officials involved in the tv:o countries' relations. Those interviewed included, Kenyan government officials in, Kenya External Trade Authority; Central Bureau of Statistics and Foreign Affairs Ministry. The Ethiopian government officials (X) interviewed were mainly found in the Ethiopian Embassy in Nairobi. Through the interviews therefore, we were able to confirm the factor which was significant in contributing to co-operative Kenya - Ethiopia relations. The findings shows that despite change of leadership in both Kenya and Ethiopia and despite the fact that the two countries had different colonial backgrounds and different ideologies, Kenya and Ethiopia traded with each other during 1963 - 1991. It was noted that the interdependence of the two countries and the convergence of their national interests made it imperative that they trade with each other. According to Kenya and Ethiopia, fraternal relations and mutually beneficial economic co-oporation could not be achieved without promotion of trade between the two countries. The emphases made by Kenya and Ethiopia to improve trade between themselves; the available trade figures between the two countries' and the findings of the interviews carried out confirmed that trade contributed to cc-oporative Kenya - Ethipia relations. Further findings especially those of trade figures between Kenya and Uganda and Kenya and Tanzania, however shows that Kenya traded more with her two East African neighbours namely Uganda and Tanzania. Those findings made us to argue that trade contributed to co-oporative Kenya - Ethiopia relations only to a small extent. Further findings shows that the security factor also contributed to co-oporative Kenya - Ethiopia relations. It