CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLCME 2 Xlll CHAPTER VIII. MODALITIES OF THE HALLAJIAN SURVIVAL 3 I. GENERAL MODALITIES OF THE SURVIVAL 3 a. Transmission of the lsniids 3 1. The Eight Basic Testimonial Chains 5 2. The Hostile Chains ofTransmission 9 b. Criticism of the Validity of the Condemnation 12 1. As to Its Form: the ljmii' 12 2. As to Its Content 14 a. Among Sunnites 14 b. Among Sh!'ites 16 c. The Sainthood (Waliiya) ofHallaj: Canonization in Islam 18 d. Commemorative Monuments 21 1. The Present-Day Qabr al-Ha/liij in Baghdad 22 a. Graffiti on the Qabr al-Hallaj 23 2. The Maqiim 24 3. Hallaj Street in Istanbul (October 1927) 25 4. The Hallajian Memorial in Cemeteries (Tombs ofHallajians) 25 e. The Dhikr of Hallaj and the Neo-Hallajiya 27 1. The Dhikr According to Nesimi 27 2. The Dhikr According to Sanusi 28 11. HALLAJ AND SPECIFIC CcRRE!'-<TS oF THOCGHT IN Mt:SLL\1 SociETY 30 a. Urban and Peasant Crafts 30 b. Female Occupations 32 c. Intellectual Professions (of the Book): Copyists and Reciters 32 d. Qur'anic Sciences (Mujassir) 33 e. Traditions and Lives of the Prophet (Hadlth and Sira) 34 f Table of Opinions Held by the Leading Scholars of Islam 34 1. By the Jurisconsults, According to Rite 36 2. By the Theologians, According to School 38 g. Juridical and Dogmatic Texts: Principal Fatwiis 40 1. Baqillan!'s Theory 40 2. Ibn Ab!'l-Khayr 43 3. 'Iyad al-Sibtl 43 4. Tawfi 44 CONTENTS 5. Ibn Taymlya 45 6. Dhahabl 50 7. Shams al-Oin M-b-H Hanafi 51 8. Ibn Hajar 'Asqalani 51 9.S~~~ ~ 10. Ibn Hajar Haytami 52 11. ThefatwJ of Abu'l-Faraj Nahrawall 53 12. 'Umar al-'Urdi 54 h. The Role Played by the Karramlya Theologians in the Indictment of HalLi.j as a Hu/U/1 55 1. Hall:i.j's Consciousness of the Veracity of His Testimony and His Apocalyptic Cry: "AnJ'l-Haqq" ("My 'I' is God") 57 1. How to Express Theopathic Locution Correctly, According to Ibn 'Arabi 59 2. Grammatical Analysis of the Sentence "AnJ'l-Haqq" 61 j. The Social Centers of the Tradition and Diffusion of Hallajian Thought 62 1. The Imperial and Princely Courts (and Their WaqfS) 62 2. Public Institutions of Learning 65 a. .\1adrasas 65 b. The DJr al-Had!th 66 L Monasteries (Ribiitiit, Khiinqiihiin) 68 k. The Survival ofHallaj in Toponomastics and in Onomastics 72 I. Hallajian Trends in Art 73 1. The Arts of Sight and Touch 73 2. The Auditory Arts: Music 76 3. The Arts ofTaste and Smell 78 m. Hall:i.jian Trends in Science 79 1. Arithmetic Symbols 80 2. Geometric Symbols 80 3. Grammatical Symbols 81 4. Logical Symbols 81 III. THE TRUE HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE HALLAJIAN REALITY AND THE STRt:CTt:RE OF THE ETERNAL CITY 82 a. The Personal Arc of Hallaj's Destiny and the Dramatic Situations That It Intersected 82 b. Heroism in Love: the Holy War with God and the Testimony of Blood 85 c. The True Historical Importance of the Hallajian Reality 89 d. Hallaj's Social Ideal and the Building of the Eternal Community 92 CONTENTS vii e. The Hallajian Survival in the Futuwwa Guilds 95 f. Prophesies Heralding the Mahdi and Their Influence on HalEij during His Lifetime 96 g. The Hallajian Teaching on jesus, the Mahdi oflslam. Its Origins, Convergences, Importance, and Personal, Historical, and Legendary Realization 98 IV. HALLAJ AND SOFISM 101 a. The Period of the Debates (309/922 to 460/1067) 101 1. His Opponents: from Ibn Shayban to Ibn Bakuya 101 2. The Abstentionists: Qushayri 104 3. His Supporters 105 b. The Model ofHallaj and the Religious Orders 107 CHAPTER IX. THE HISTORY OF THE LOCALIZATIONS OF HALLAJIAN TRADITION 109 I. THE EXTINCTION OF THE HALLAJIYA IN AHWAZ (YEARS 312-334) 109 a. Their Outlawing 109 b. An Account Concerning Abu 'Umara (Hashimi) 112 c. The Execution of Mansur, Son ofHallaj 113 II. THE TRANSMISSION IN BAGHDAD AND IN BASRA 118 a. Shakir 119 b. Abu Bakr sun 121 c. AH Ahmad-b-Yusufibn al-Azraq 124 d. Muhassin Tanukhi 126 e. Qannad 127 f. The Salimiya Mutakallimun of Basra 130 g. The Years 344-381 132 h. Ibn Sam'un 134 i. The Years 381-422 (Caliphate of Qadir): A-H-b-Muhtadi II (380-434), Tammam-b-Harun (406-447) 135 j. The Years 422-451 (the Caliphate ofQayim down to the End of the Vizirate oflbn al-Muslima) 139 k. The Hallajian Inspiration ofVizir Ibn al-Muslima 144 I. The Political Theory ofVizir Ibn al-Muslima 145 m. The Cortege ofVizir Ibn al-Muslima 149 n. The Prayer and Death ofVizir Ibn ai-Muslima (437/1045) 150 o. The Apologia and the Retraction of Ibn 'Aqll (465/1072) 157 p. The Hallajian Revival in Baghdad Following the Death oflbn al-Muslima. The Saljuq Influence. The Ash 'a rite Offensive of the Khurasanians, and the Hostile Reaction of the Hanbalites 160 Vlll CONTENTS q. Ahmad Ghazall 164 r. 'Ayn al-Qudat Hamadhani 166 s. Ibn Ab11-Hadid 169 t. Shaydhala' and His Latviimi 169 u. The Historian AH M-b-Abu'l-Fadl 'Abd al-Malik-b-lbrahim-b-A Faradl ibn al-Maqdisl Hamadhanl (d. 521) 170 v. Abu Hamid Ghazali and His Four Years of Lecturing in Baghdad (-1-84-488) 171 \V. The Literary Emergence of the Hallajian Legend and the Fattvii of Shihab Tusi (569/1174) Concerning the Testimony ofBlood. The Case oflbn al-Ghazzal 171 x. The Rita 'iya 175 Ill. THE SURVIVAL OF HALLAJ IN FARS 182 a. Ibn Khaflf 182 b. The Ribiit of Bayda and the Kazerliniya 186 c. Tawusi 190 d. Imamite Religious Orders 193 1. Ni 'matallahiya 193 2. Nurbakhshlya 193 3. Dhahabiya 193 e. Husayn ibn A Razi 194 f. Abii Bakr ibn Ghalib 195 IV. THE SL'RVIVAL IN KHURASAN 196 a. Faris Dinawari (= AQ Baghdadi) 198 b. Abu'l-Husayn Farisl 202 c. Qaffil Kabir 204 d. Ibrahim Nasrabadhi 205 e. Abu Bakr M ibn Shadhan Bajali Razl 208 f. Sulami 210 g. 'Abd al-Wahid-b-Bakr Warthani Shirazi 213 h. Ibn Bakuya Shirazi 21-t i. Mansur-b-'Abdallah Harawi 215 j. Abu Ism a 'tl Harawl Ansari 217 k. The Kubrawlya 227 I. The Naqishbandlya 228 m. fakhr al-Oin Razi 229 Y. THE LEGEND OF HALL~CE MANSUR IN TL'RKISH LANDS 231 a. In Eastern Turkish 231 1. The Hikam of Ahmed Yesewi 231 CONTENTS IX 2. The Disciples of Yesewi: the Qisse-i Mansiir Shaykh 236 3. Among the Qaraqirghiz of'Osh 239 b. In Anatolian Turkish 240 1. Yunus Emre 240 2. The Qastamunian Husayn Mansur Hikiiya 243 3. The Dasitan-i Mansiir of Ahmadi and the Mansiirnama-i Halla} of Muridi 246 4. 'lmad Neslml and the Poets oftheJanissaries 249 5. The Long Ode by Limi'i and the Evoking ofHalLice Mansur by Poets of the Classical Tradition 256 6. Sari 'Abdallah C::elebl and lsma 'U Haqql 260 7. The Khelwetiya and Niyazl Misri 262 8. The Mewlewlya: Jalal Riimi and Shams Tabrlzi; Ahmad Riiml 266 c. The "Gibbet of Mansur" (Dar-i Mansur) in Bektashi Ritual 272 VI. THE SuRVIVAL OF HALLAJ IN INDIA 275 a. The Appearance of the Utterance "Anii'l-Haqq" around A.H. 764 276 b. The Shattarlya 277 c. The Naqishbandlya at the Court of the Mughal Emperors of Delhi 278 d. The Fatwiis of Ahmad Sirhindl 279 e. The Ode of Qadi Mahmiid Bahrl Gugl 280 f. Ahmad 'All Shlvrajpiirl 281 g. AQ Bidi I 282 h. The Madfan of Mansur Hallaj at Porto-Novo 284 i. The Hallajian Cult of the "Master o(Truth" in East Bengal 284 VII. THE INFLUENCE OF THE MARTYRDOM OF HALLAJ ON THE ISLAMIZATION OFjAVA 289 a. The Martyrdom ofSitiJenar, the Saint ofGiri, in 893/1488 290 b. The Martyrdom of Soenan Panggoeng, the Saint of Tegal, in 907/1501 291 c. The Martyrdoms ofKi Baghdad in Pajang and ofShaykh Among Raga in Mataram 292 d. Hamza Fansurl 292 VIII. THE SURVIVAL IN ARABIA 293 a. Ahmad ibn 'Ulwan Yamanl 293 b. Yaft'I 294 IX. THE SURVIVAL IN EGYPT AND SYRIA 295 a. The Testimony oflbn al-Haddad 295 b. Fakhr Farisi Khabri 299 c. Ibn al-Farid 303 X CONTENTS d. Murs1 304 e. Ghamr1 Wasit1 and His Intisiir 306 f. Sayyid Murtada Zabidi 307 X. THE SURVIVAL IN ANDALUSIA, THE MAGHRIB, AND THE SUDAN 308 a. Ibn Sab 'in, Shushtari, and the "Hallajian Conspiracy" in Andalusia in the Thirteenth Century 308 1. The Denunciation of Qutb ibn al-Qastallani 309 2. Its Aims and Its Juridical Results, from the Shiidhiya to Ibn al- Khatib 312 3. The Early Shudhiya: Ibn al-Mar'a and Ibn Ahla ofLorca 315 4. Ibn Sab'm, His Metaphysical and Political Thought 317 5. Shushtar1 and the Agape in His Nomadic Brotherhoods 324 6. The Ziiwiya of Ibn Sid Bono and Its Present-Day Counterparts (in Mauritania, Albania, and Bengal) 326 b. Ibn 'Abbad Rundl's Opinion ofHallajian Self-Abnegation 329 c. The Shadhillya 330 d. The Hallajian Dhikr in the Maghrib 331 e. The Survival in Morocco 333 f. 'Abd al-Kader-b-Muhieddin Hasanijaza'iri 333 g. The Saniis1ya 334 h. The Hallajian Dhikr in the Two Sudans and in East Africa 335 CHAPTER X. THE HALLAJIAN LEGEND, ITS ORIGINS, ITS LITERARY FLOWERING 337 I. 0NEIROCRITICISM OF THE "Mu'abbirun" AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR THE ORIGINS OF THE HALLAJIAN LEGEND 337 II.