Re f The Yale Center for the Study of Globalization is devoted and Security orming Peace the UN for to examining the impact of our increasingly integrated Reforming world on individuals, communities, and nations. Globalization presents challenges and opportunities. The the United Nations Center’s purpose is to support the creation and dissemina- tion of ideas for seizing the opportunities and overcoming the challenges. It shall be particularly focused on practical for Peace and Security policies to enable the world’s poorest and weakest citizens to share in the benefits brought by globalization. It will also explore solutions to problems that, even if they do not result directly from integration, are global in nature, and can therefore be effectively addressed only through international cooperation. The Center draws on the rich intellectual resources of the Yale community, scholars from other universities, and experts from around the world. Proceedings of a Workshop to Analyze the Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change Y ale Center for the Study of Globalization ale Center yale center for the study of globalization betts house 393 prospect street Yale Center for the Study of Globalization new haven, connecticut 06511 tel: (203) 432-1900 fax: (203) 432-1200 center’s website: www.ycsg.yale.edu yaleglobal online: www.yaleglobal.yale.edu New Haven, Connecticut March 2005 Reforming the United Nations for Peace and Security Proceedings of a Workshop to Analyze the Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change Yale Center for the Study of Globalization New Haven, Connecticut March, 2005 Contents Workshop Participants v Acknowledgements ix Overview Ernesto Zedillo 1 Promoting Democracy through International Organizations Robert Axelrod 19 The Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change: A Preliminary Assessment Mats Berdal 39 Thoughts on the Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change Kemal Dervis 48 Comments on the Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change Muchkund Dubey 55 The European Union in the United Nations and the Issue of UN Reform Bardo Fassbender 71 Comments on the Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change James D. Fearon 89 A More Secure World? A Critique of the Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change W. Andy Knight 109 iii Rediscovering the Security Council: The High-level Panel and Beyond Edward C. Luck 126 Security Council Expansion: Can’t, and Shouldn’t Bruce Russett 153 Some Thoughts—Mostly Cautionary—on the Recommendations of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change James S. Sutterlin 167 Brief Notes on the Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change Sir Brian Urquhart 183 Some Comments on UN Charter Reform Erik Voeten 186 iv Participants Workshop on United Nations Reform Convener Ernesto Zedillo Director, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization Robert Axelrod Arthur W. Bromage Distinguished University Professor of Political Science and Public Policy, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Scott Barrett Professor of Environmental Economics and International Political Economy, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University Mats Berdal Professor, Department of War Studies, King’s College London Lea Brilmayer Howard M. Holtzmann Professor of International Law, Yale Law School Nayan Chanda Director of Publications; Editor, YaleGlobal Online, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization Elizabeth Cousens Vice President, International Peace Academy Kemal Dervis Member of the Turkish Parliament Member of the Steering Committee, Economics and Foreign Policy Forum, Istanbul Member of the International Task Force on Global Public Goods v Muchkund Dubey President, Council for Social Development, India Gareth Evans President, International Crisis Group Member of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change Sebastian Einsiedel Member of the Secretariat, High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change Bardo Fassbender Associate Professor of Law Institute of International and European Law, Humboldt University James D. Fearon Theodore and Francis Geballe Professor of Political Science Stanford University Lilach Gilady Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Yale University W. Andy Knight Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Alberta Harold Hongju Koh Dean, Yale Law School Edward C. Luck Director, Center on International Organization School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University vi Michael Reisman Myres S. McDougal Professor of International Law, Yale Law School Bruce Russett Dean Acheson Professor of International Relations Director, United Nations Studies, Yale University Jonathan Schell Distinguished Visiting Fellow, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization Smita Singh Special Advisor for Global Affairs, The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation Anne-Marie Slaughter Dean, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Princeton University James S. Sutterlin Distinguished Fellow, United Nations Studies Yale University Sir Brian Urquhart Former UN Under-Secretary-General for Special Political Affairs Erik Voeten Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University Haynie Wheeler Associate Director, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization vii Acknowledgements I would like to extend my thanks to those individuals who kindly agreed to participate in the Workshop on United Nations Reform held at the Center for the Study of Globalization at Yale University on February 11 and 12, 2005. This group of distinguished experts responded to our invitation to discuss the Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change shortly after its release. I want to thank the participants not only for their full involvement in the workshop itself, but also for their work in advance of the gathering in preparing their thoughts in writing. I would like to acknowledge two individuals, Mats Berdal and Andy Knight, who had planned to join us, but were unable to attend. They were kind enough to send papers which are included in this volume. My very special thanks go to Gareth Evans, a member of the High-level Panel, who provided immense insight into the process as a whole, and also to Sebastian Graf von Einsiedel, a member of the High-level Panel Secretariat. Thanks are due to Haynie Wheeler for organizing the workshop. I would also like to express my appreciation to the project Research Assistant and workshop rapporteur, Derek Smith of the Yale Law School, and also to our editor, Rachel Weaving, for her good work and her quick turnaround. Thanks also to Stephen Townley who served as a rapporteur as well. Finally, we would like to thank the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for the support that allowed us to organize a workshop of such high quality. We especially thank Smita Singh, the Hewlett Foundation’s Special Advisor for Global Affairs, who joined us for the workshop and participated actively in the discussion. Ernesto Zedillo New Haven, Connecticut March, 2005 ix Overview Ernesto Zedillo Director, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization The Yale Center for the Study of Globalization takes it as an essential part of its mission to explore solutions to problems that, being global in nature, can only be effectively addressed through international cooperation. Global peace and security, and the role of the United Nations in pursuing them, is certainly one such issue, and may be the foremost among them. The pursuit of peace and security is a fundamental topic not only on its own merit, but also because of its impact on the speed and modalities of economic, social, and political integration across countries. The Kantian triad of peace, commerce, and democracy is now accepted as an empirically sound proposition. This means that our Center could hardly be involved in the study of economic globalization without, at the same time, paying good attention to the other components of the triad. It is sensible to believe that globalization will be shaped in the years to come by the way in which the international community handles the threats of conflict, violence, and war. Let us not forget that in recent history globalization was virtually destroyed by war and other man-made calamities. Consequently, when the United Nations Secretary-General announced in September 2003, in the context of a serious crisis within the international system, that he would convene a High-level Panel to examine the current challenges to peace and security and ways to confront these challenges, it was decided that our Center should follow the process as closely as possible. We were hopeful that the publication of the Panel report would start a process of international reaction and commentary that would enrich the debate on this very central topic, and ideally help to build important momentum towards positive reform of the international system for peace and security. To contribute, albeit modestly, to that process the Center convened a select group of distinguished experts in a workshop to react candidly to the report’s analyses and recommendations. 1 A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility, the report of the High- level Panel, was presented to the UN Secretary-General on December 1st, 2004 and immediately made available to the general public.1 Our workshop on the report took place on February 11-12, 2005 at Betts House, the home of our Center at Yale University. It was decided from the outset that in planning the workshop and disseminating its proceedings, we should pay special attention to the aspect of opportunity. The UN 60th General Assembly, due to start in September 2005, is expected to provide a significant opportunity to re-launch the goals that were established in the Millennium Declaration of 2000, including the goal of UN reform. Thus, it is reasonable to think that any pertinent ideas will be more welcome, if ever at all, before rather than after the September 2005 Summit.