The Adaptation of the Cultural and Creative Industries Clusters Policies in Eastern Asian Cities: The Case Studies in Taiwan By PEI-LING, LIAO A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Management Birmingham Business School College of Social Sciences University of Birmingham June 2014 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Acknowledgments This thesis is dedicated to my parents and brother, who gave up so much for me to complete this work. Thank you to my first supervisor Dr. Caroline Chapain, and second supervisor Dr. Lauren Andres, my examiners Professor Graeme Evans, Dr. Christopher Collinge and my Chair Dr. John Gibney, without your supervision, support and encouragement, I will not able to complete this thesis and my study. I express gratitude to my friends , especially Jung-Chen, Jennifer, Chun-Ting, Liang-Ting and Ya-Hui, and my colleagues Kong, Li-Yun, Chun, Jin-I, Bing, Yanan and David, no matter where you are, you gives me many support and power to complete my work. To the professionals and academicians who help with my research and deserve credit for encouraging me to enter the Doctoral program, I express my sincere thanks. A special thanks to my friends, Ya-Han, Wan-Chun, Yi-Ting (Helen), Chia-Wen, Li-Chun, Wen, Sandy, Andy, Glenda and Mao who supports me from Taiwan and other countries for several years. Abstract Cultural and creative industries (CCIs) clusters have been a privileged policy approach to expand urban and economic development in Eastern Asian cities, such as Singapore, Hong-Kong, Shang-Hai and Taipei. Most CCIs clusters examples in Eastern Asian cities, combine both urban planning and economic rationales and take the form of mega-projects and various initiatives. These restricted economic and planning approaches generate debates on the effects of cluster policy on the development of CCIs in Eastern Asian cities because policy-makers emphasize the economic effect of CCIs, but neglect the local contexts in terms of existing and potential markets and consumption levels. The thesis presents a more holistic approach including cultural, economic and planning components to assess the effectiveness of a bottom-up initiative Hua-Shan Cultural Park and a top-down initiative NanKang Software Industrial Park in Taipei. The research is based on a longitudinal approach and discusses the perspectives of the various actors involved in this initiative over time: the cluster operators, the policy makers and the CCIs representatives (including individual workers, companies and NGOs). By contrasting these different perspectives, this article demonstrates the types of issues, conflicts and compromises that can happen during the implementation process of cluster policies as well as potential emerging collaboration and impacts on CCIs actors. This thesis concludes by exploring the implications of taking into account the local contexts when implementing such policies and further suggests ways for policy makers to better do so in Eastern Asian cities. Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE RESEARCH ........................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 Aims and contributions ......................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 The emergence of CCIs policies in East Asian cities and Taiwan ........................... 3 1.1.3 The issues of CCIs policies implementation in East Asian cities ............................ 6 1.1.4 The arguments of this thesis and its research framework .................................... 8 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ..................................................................................................... 10 1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 10 1.4 THESIS STRUCTURE .......................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 2 DEFINING AND UNDERSTANDING THE CULTURAL AND CREATIVE INDUSTRIES 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 14 2.2 DEFINING CULTURAL AND CREATIVE INDUSTRIES .................................................................. 16 2.2.1. The Emergence of a New Term and a Shift in Focus ........................................... 16 2.2.2. Conceptual Definitions ........................................................................................ 19 2.2.3. Operational Definitions ....................................................................................... 21 2.3 THE Creative Value Chain ............................................................................................ 25 2.3.1. The creative value chain ...................................................................................... 25 2.3.2. Change in CCIs production/reproduction and circulation (distribution) ............. 26 2.3.3. User value and consumers’ role .......................................................................... 28 2.4 The Stakeholders in the CCIs governance .................................................................. 30 2.4.1. The public sector ................................................................................................. 31 2.4.2. The private sector ................................................................................................ 33 2.4.2.1 Nonprofit organizations ............................................................................ 33 2.4.2.2 Local communities ..................................................................................... 34 2.4.2.3 The artistic and creative workforce ........................................................... 35 2.4.2.4 Commercial stakeholders .......................................................................... 36 2.4.3. Collaboration and cooperation ........................................................................... 38 2.5 The Cultural and Creative Industries Policies ............................................................. 39 2.5.1. From culture to cultural policy ............................................................................ 40 2.5.2. The cultural policy and its various rationales and objectives .............................. 42 2.5.3. Planning rationales .............................................................................................. 44 2.5.4. Economic rationales ......................................................................................... 46 2.6 Challenges and complementarities ............................................................................ 48 2.6.1. The challenges ..................................................................................................... 48 I 2.6.2. The complementarities........................................................................................ 48 2.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 50 CHAPTER 3 THE CULTURAL AND CREATIVE INDUSTRIES CLUSTERS 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 53 3.2. The definitions of CCIs clusters ................................................................................... 55 3.2.1. Cultural quarter/cluster ....................................................................................... 56 3.2.2. Creative clusters .................................................................................................. 56 3.2.3. Cultural and creative industries clusters ............................................................. 57 3.2.4. Typologies of Cultural and Creative industries clusters ...................................... 58 3.3. The Cultural and Creative Industries Clusters Policies ............................................... 64 3.3.1. CCIs clusters policy and economic rationales ...................................................... 65 3.3.2. The planning purpose of CCI clusters policies ..................................................... 69 3.3.3. Limitations and challenges .................................................................................. 72 3.4. The cluster governance in the urban context............................................................. 76 3.4.1. CCIs clusters governance approaches ................................................................. 76 3.4.1.1.Bottom-up (organic) clusters .................................................................... 77 3.4.1.2.Top-down (planned) clusters .................................................................... 78 3.4.2. Actors ................................................................................................................... 79 3.5. Conclusion .................................................................................................................