SPECIAL EDITION Integrated Community Food Production A Compendium of Climate-resilient Agriculture Options Published in the Philippines in 2016 by the National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC) and the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) ISBN 1-930261-42-X This publication has no copyright. NAPC and IIRR encourage use, translation, adaptation and copying of materials. However, acknowledgements and citation will be highly appreciated. Correct citation: 2016. IIRR and NAPC. Integrated Community Food Production. A Compendium of Climate-resilient Agriculture Options For further information, please contact: National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC) Office of the President of the Philippines LWUA Water Supply Training Center, LWUA-MWSS Complex Katipunan Avenue, Quezon City 1101 [email protected] www.napc.gov.ph International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) Km. 39 Aguinaldo Highway IIRR Y. C. James Yen Center, Biga 2, Silang, Cavite 4118 Philippines [email protected] www.iirr.org iv Contents Acknowledgments viii Bio-intensive Garden 35 Preface ix Integrated Alley Cropping – Bio-intensive 40 Introduction x Gardening Raised-bed Garden Technologies 42 Using The Fenceline for Planting Annual and 43 OVERVIEW Perennial Crops Companion Plant Guide Chart 45 Integrated Community Food Production 3 Crop Planning 47 Climate-smart Agriculture (A Primer For Local 4 Shade Tolerant Vegetables 49 Government Officials in the Philippines) Drought-resistant Vegetables 50 The Food Chain 9 Common Garden Tool 51 Nitrogen Cycle 10 Nursery Techniques for Seedlings 52 Society and the Carbon-oxygen Cycle 12 Nutrient Composition of Various Organic Materials 56 Pesticides: Environmental and Health Effects 13 Organic Fertilizer Sources: Basket Composting 58 Food Safety Practices 15 Pot Garden Technologies 61 Environment-friendly Aquaculture 18 Seed Harvesting and Seed Extraction 62 Philippine Marine Fisheries 20 Seed Production 64 Vegetables for Family Nutrition 22 Seed Drying 65 The Food Chain, Food Web and Food Pyramid 24 Seed Storage 67 Testing Seed Quality 69 Saving Seeds through Gardener Curators 72 INTENSIVE ORGANIC GARDENING Some Common Garden Pests 76 Mulching 81 Definitions of Homegarden 27 Fish Emulsion as Plant Food for Bio-intensive 83 Why Household Food Security through Gardens 29 Garden Makes Sense? Gardening in Dry Environments 84 Characteristics of the Bio-intensive Approach to 30 Growing Vegetables in Saline Areas 85 Small-scale Household Food Production v Contents Water Saving Ideas for Gardens During Dry Season 87 Composting Methods 114 Why Producing Your Own Vegetable Seeds is 88 Organic Fertilizer Source: Liquid Fertilizer from 121 Important Leguminous Trees Vitamin A Content of Some Local Foods in Serving 89 Organic Fertilizer Sources: Use of Green Manures 122 Portions Compared with Recommended Kakawate (Madre De Cacao): A Multipurpose Crop 125 Dietary Allowances in Various Age Groups Outplanting Seedlings 128 Vegetables that can be Harvested in Less than a 90 Selection of Cover Crops 131 Month Site Selection and Timing of Seed Production 134 Alternative Pest Management 91 Water Harvesting: Improved 139 Encouraging Predators 93 Small Water Impounding Technologies 143 Lead in Urban Gardens 95 Small Ponds for Water Conservation 148 Use of Scarce Water Resources in Drylands 150 through Pitcher Irrigation FAMILY FARMING The Role of Organic Mulches 153 Traditional or Indigenous Seeds 155 The Household as a Production 99 Tree Pruning and Care 156 and Consumption Unit Optimum Use of Marginal Land with 160 Some Characteristics of a Regenerative 100 Agroforestry System Agriculture System Upland Rice Cultivation with Agroforestry (AGF) 163 Farm Management Practices that Reinforce Soil 103 Integrated Nutrient Management on 166 and Water Conservation Rice-based System Increasing Organic Matter in the Soil 105 Green Leaf Manuring in Lowland Rice 172 Family Food and Income from Root Crops 107 Pot/Bottle Gourd Irrigation for Fruit Tree Saplings 174 Integrated Nutrient Cycling in Lowland Rice 109 The System of Rice Intensification (SRI): 175 Production: An Ecosystem Approach A Climate-smart Rice Production Organic Fertilizer Source: Fertilizer From Livestock 112 System of Rice Intensification (SRI) 177 and Farm Wastes Method of Rice Cultivation vi Contents Circle Nurseries 179 Intensive Feed Garden 239 Improving Vegetative Cover on Dryland Farms 180 On Farm Fodder Sources in Agroforestry 242 Protective Measures for Non-arable Lands 184 (Trees and Grasses) Legume Crop Rotation with Rice 186 The Large Leafed Mulberry: A Promising 244 Liquid Fertilizer 188 Nutritive Fodder for Scarcity Period Vegetable with Multiple Edible Parts 189 Backyard Poultry Project Using Compost 245 Vegetable Containing Iodine 191 Litter System Iron Content of Some Local Foods in Serving 193 How to Raise Ducks 247 Portions Compared with Recommended Dietary Backyard Duck Raising for Meat and Eggs 249 Allowances (RDA) for Various Age Groups Care and Management of Mini-ponds 252 Planning for Aberrant Weather 194 Mini Pond for Water Limited Areas 255 Layout for an Intensively Cultivated Woodlot 199 Backyard Integrated Pig-fish Culture 258 for Fuelwood or Poles and Stakes in the Philippines Biological Pest Control 200 Plant-based Animal Health Care 261 Botanical Pest Control 202 Plant-based Medicine for Livestock 265 (Water Buffalo/Carabao) SMALL LIVESTOCK AND FISH PRODUCTION Plant-based Livestock Medication 269 Vegetable-duck-fish Culture 273 Backyard Piggery Project 209 Family Backyard Poultry Project 275 Native Pig Production 211 Improving the Native Chicken 278 Housing and Feeding for Pigs 214 Housing 219 Breeding and Care of New Born Pigs 225 Pig Feed Garden 230 Low-cost Hog Feed 234 Low-cost Hog Feeds Additional Options 235 Low-cost Goat Housing 237 vii Acknowledgments Editor-in-Chief Jesusa I. Rebete Concept and Technical Coordination Dr. Julian Gonsalves Members Dr. Julian Gonsalves Emilita Monville-Oro Normita Ignacio Alfredo M. Antonio Perigine M. Cayadong Jocelyn M. Apag Ma. Monina Hazel B. Garcia John Rey R. Roque Rheelen S. Soco Rechie J. Tugawin Bryan Edward G. Villasana Jonna Ellaine A. Jordan Irish B. Baguilat Gonzalo S. Servano, Jr. Rene R. Vidallo Design & Layout Ronald Salvador Orange & Yellow Design & Print Shop Ariel Lucerna (cover artwork) viii Preface Many middle income countries with higher economic growth rates are increasingly having to deal with inequities . Poverty continues to persist in many countries of Asia including in the Philippines. Malnutrition and even hunger is a sobering reality (at worst, an embarrassment) for many middle income countries. However the burden of hunger and malnutrition can be addressed with well-targeted programs and the right combination of technologies and social processes. The International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) in the Philippines has been working on sustainable intensification fo gardens and small farms for over three decades. It has worked with a wide range of partners from government, civil society and academic institutions to identify potential solutions that are pro-poor in their orientation. Over twenty source books and compilations have been produced using IIRR’s participatory writeshop processes. IIRR and its partners remain engaged in field operational research activities allowing IIRR ot continuously field test and refine the options. These technologies were recently re-assessed and screened keeping in mind the following criteria: climate change, gender, nutrition sensitivity and poverty orientation. One hundred ideas were culled out and are now assembled in this single collection, originally put together for the National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC) in the Philippines for use by Local Government Units participating in the national Integrated Community Food Production program (ICFP). This version of the source book is being produced for a wider audience including partners of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Southeast Asia/Global, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), Prolinnova International network and the Philippine Department of Agriculture AMIA 2 program. This compendium provides IIRR a platform to share experiences garnered (mostly) in the Philippines over the past decades in Regenerative Agriculture and Bio-Intensive Gardening and Small Livestock production. IIRR recognizes the value of its partnership with NAPC, JDC, CCAFS, Prolinnova and the Philippine Department of Agriculture AMIA 2 program in this joint effort to scale up climate-smart and nutrition-sensitive options of special relevance to the poor i.e. those left behind. This publication does not have a copyright because numerous individuals (including farmers) and organizations helped to refine het approaches featured in this compendium. Feel free to use, adapt and apply these previously tested ideas on wide scale. Adaptation to current and impending climate change is a pro active process and begins “now”. Participatory action research or/and participatory technology development help nurture local capacities to adapt to climate change. This compendium provides ideas for action (which in turn strengthen local community adaptation processes) in this journey to help communities cope with climate change. Emilita Monville-Oro Country Director, Philippine Program Regional Center for Asia International Institute of Rural Reconstruction Email: [email protected] ix Introduction This compendium of best practices brings together practical