Journal of Communications Vol. 14, No. 11, November 2019 Rectifier Using UWB Microstrip Antenna as Electromagnetic Energy Harvester for GSM, CCTV and Wi-Fi Transmitter Rudy Yuwono1 and Irfan Mujahidin1,2 1 Microwave and Transmission Laboratory of Electrical Engineering, University of Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, Indonesia 2 Electrical Engineering Department, University of Merdeka, Malang, 65145, Indonesia Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract—Rectenna (rectifier antenna) is a device that functions Currently, it has many emerging devices using low- as an electromagnetic energy harvester that works by changing power wireless technology. One application is a source of the RF waves that have shaped AC into DC electrical energy energy from a variety of resources available to improve that is able to save and as a source of energy electronic devices the function of the battery or without battery operation. or other recipients. Rectenna using the energy harvesting is in The power available for these devices is usually very low fabrication, can be applied in the 1700-2650 MHz frequency`s which include working frequencies in GSM devices, CCTV and in accordance with the output source that influenced by Wi-Fi devices. To obtain an electromagnetic wave that works at changes in the environment and mobility receiver circuit a frequency of 1700-2650 MHz it needs Ultra Wideband (UWB) [2]. antennas who are able to work at a frequency > 500MHz. The In this research will be discussed designing a rectenna design process includes an antenna and a rectifier that is a that first made that rectenna that use the resources of calculation, simulation, fabrication, and measurement. Main Ultra wideband antenna that covers 1700-2650 MHz materials of the antenna are Phenolic White Paper - FR4 with a frequency used in GSM antennas, CCTV and WiFi as the dielectric constant (εr) = 3.9 and the rectifier circuit using wireless devices are often used in the market. So it does Schottky diodes HSMS-2850. not need three types of different antennas to receive electromagnetic waves from GSM devices, CCTV and Index Terms—Antenna, rectifier, ultra wideband Wifi which have different frequencies anyway. Rectenna impact if at fabrication is able to adapt to the I. INTRODUCTION electromagnetic waves having a frequency work that is wide enough: 1700-2650 MHz so as to obtain more At the present time Fossil energy sources are the main energy than using single antenna band ever made. And source of energy and are often used for the operation of certainly more to minimize the cost of fabricating the various technology products, however, it is limited and antenna and environmentally friendly. In addition to the not environmentally friendly. Therefore, fossil energy has antenna, a component that is made is a rectifier that has considerable cost and expense to the environment. While the capability to rectify the AC waveform and a voltage governments from around the world are intensive to doubling, therefore, the most effective components are reduce the use of fossil fuels as an energy source. determined by experiment. A rectifier is made also have Therefore, it is important to obtain renewable energy high levels of resistance, capacitance, and excellent sources and environmentally friendly. Environmental stability in order to conform to the expected output. friendly energy can be obtained from sources that are not Isolation made outside rectifier to protect components limited in nature such as sunlight, wind, vibration, noise, and rectifier circuit from electromagnetic wave radiation. or thermal energy. Today, with the development of technology, energy sources that exist in nature and II. ANTENNA DESIGN AND FABRICATION environmental friendly are the radio frequency (RF). Antennas to be implemented on rectenna is microsrip Technologies to harness energy sources are usually called energy harvesting (energy harvesting). Large-scale ultra wideband antenna (bandwidth> 500MHz), which deployment of RF communications throughout the past includes the operating frequency of GSM, Wifi and three decades causing RF energy is available in the CCTV that frequency includes at 1800 MHz and 2400 "anywhere and anytime". One of the main tools to MHz. perform RF harvesting is rectenna which usually consists A. Antenna Design of a rectifier and antenna [1]. The designs are made include mathematical design and software design using CST 2014. The mathematical design is used as a reference to determine the basic Manuscript received April 5, 2019; revised September 26, 2019. dimensions in simulating the software CST 2014, then to doi:10.12720/jcm.14.11.1098-1103 get the expected conditions of the antenna then add other ©2019 Journal of Communications 1098 Journal of Communications Vol. 14, No. 11, November 2019 shapes that were engaged in basic form on the patch and 60 × 3,142 = = 5,991 ground plane. Design of simulation results is what will be 50√3,9 the main reference of the antenna fabrication process. Determine the width of the transmission line (W) Fabrication will be designed very precisely according to 2ℎ 휀 − 1 0,61 푊 = {퐵 − 1 − 푙푛(2퐵 − 1) + 푟 [푙푛(퐵 − 1) + 0,39 − ]} the results of the simulation in order to value that 휋 2휀푟 휀푟 2 × 1.6 produced identically to the antenna on the simulation. = {5,9911 − 1 − 푙푛(2 × 5,9911 − 1) In this research, the patch used is a patch with the 3,14 3,9 − 1 0,61 + [푙푛(5,9911 − 1) + 0,39 − ]} shape like a hat with a basic form circular patch, then 2 × 3,9 3,9 later form the basis of this circular patch will join with = 3,3418 mm elliptical shape underneath at optimization process. With the aim to get the width of the working frequency of the The shape of the microstrip antenna design that antenna ultra wide band that would eventually shape complements the form of the transmission channel, the resembles the shape of a hat at the patch. where the channel impedance adjustment, the distance between the radiating element radius dimensions can be obtained radiating element, the wavelength of the microstrip through the equation [3]: transmission line referring to the source. F Specifications substrates and materials conductor used a 1/ 2 in the design of microstrip antenna is as follows: 2h πF 1 ln 1,7726 Dielectric material: FR – 4 πεr F 2h The dielectric constant (εr) = 3.9 a = 2,04425 The thickness of the dielectric (h) = 1.6 mm Loss tangent (tan δ) = 0 .018 where : Coating material substrate (conductor) copper : a = radius of radiating element (cm) The thickness of the conductor material (t)= 0.0001 m h = the thickness of the substrate (m) copper conductivity (σ) = 5.80x107mho m-1 εr = relative permittivity of the dielectric substrate material size = 29.7 x 21 mm (F/m) After calculation mathematically then do a simulation F = logarithmic function (F) of the radiating element and optimization to get the expected results using CST While the logarithmic function (F) of a circle radiating software 2014 then get the following dimensions. design element can be expressed by the following equation: patch in primary forms a circle and ground plane is from [4]. The dimensions of the ground plane and patches are 8,791109 F made to have different sizes to be obtained appropriate f r εr desired frequency: = 2,0467 TABLE I: ANTENNA DIMENSIONS where : Variabele Dimensions (mm) fr = the working frequency of the antenna (GHz) Radius of patch 35 ε = relative permittivity of the dielectric substrate High elliptical patch 40 r (F/m) Wide elliptical patch 100 L 32 Lg = 6h + 2R −3 W 3.371 = 50,485 × 10 m = 50,485 mm Width of the substrate 110 High of the substrate 105 With : 휋 Wide rectangular ground plane 46 W = 6h + 푅 g 2 High rectangular ground plane 50 − 3 High elliptical ground plane 30 = 41,6947 × 10 m Wide elliptical ground plane 76 = 41,6947 mm High rectangular under 20 elliptical ground plane where: L = The minimum side length of ground plane (m) g Antennas are made to have the main part is a circle W = The minimum width of the ground plane (m) g shape and join the ellipse at the bottom that resembles the R = radius circular patch (m) shape of a hat. Part ellipse on the patch directly connects H = the thickness of the substrate (m) the feeder line as a link to the patch on the antenna Line feeder used on the antenna has 50 ohm input connector. Then ground plane consists from two forms, impedance. So to calculate the dimensions of the but forms ground plane is basically one that is rectangular transmission line in order to obtain a 50-ohm impedance and elliptical shape at the bottom ground plane in mathematically formulated [3]: 2 addition to the connection with the connector as well as 60휋 support rectangular ground plane performance. 퐵 = 푍0√휀푟 ©2019 Journal of Communications 1099 Journal of Communications Vol. 14, No. 11, November 2019 Antenna fabrication is done with the main ingredient come back as a reflection, where the value of the FR4 coated with the copper double layer so on get the corresponding standard of Return Loss is 9:54> RL. So patch and ground plane of copper on both sides of her. that has a working frequency in 9:54> RL is 1700-2650 (Fig. 1). MHz [5]. Fig. 3. Return loss Fig. 1. Fabricated hat patch Microstrip antenna [4] The antenna is connected by using the connector conductors of lead which is attached directly to the ground plane and line feed on the patch. Connector material also from the conductor that is brass with an input impedance of 50 ohms. B. Antenna Performance Result Antenna performance is expressed by the parameters of the antenna with the main objective to get antennas with UWB (ultra wideband) frequency that includes frequencies in the GSM 1800 MHz, CCTV, and Wifi 2.4 GHz transmitter.