THE HANDBOOK OF JOURNALISM STUDIES This second edition of The Handbook of Journalism Studies explores the current state of research in journalism studies and sets an agenda for future development of the field in an international context. The volume is structured around theoretical and empirical approaches to journalism research and covers scholarship on news production, news content, journalism and society, journalism and culture, and journalism studies in a global context. As journalism studies has become richer and more diverse as a field of studies, the second edition reflects both the growing diversity of the field and the ways in which journalism itself has undergone rapid change in recent years. Emphasizing comparative and global perspectives, this new edition explores: • Key elements, thinkers, and texts • Historical context • Current state of the field • Methodological issues • Merits and advantages of the approach/area of studies • Limitations and critical issues of the approach/area of studies • Directions for future research Offering broad international coverage from world- leading contributors, this volume is a comprehensive resource for theory and scholarship in journalism studies. As such, it is a must- have resource for scholars and graduate students working in journalism, media studies, and communication around the globe. Karin Wahl- Jorgensen is Professor in the Cardiff School of Journalism, Media, and Culture, Cardiff University, Wales, where she serves as Director of Research Development and Environment. Her most recent books include Emotions, Media and Politics (2019) and Digital Citizenship in a Datafied Society (2019). She has published multiple other monographs and edited collections and just under 100 journal articles and book chapters. Thomas Hanitzsch is Professor of Communication in the Department of Media and Communication at LMU Munich, Germany. A former journalist, his teaching and research focuses on global journalism cultures and war coverage. His most recent books include Worlds of Journalism (2019) and the Handbook of Comparative Communication Research (Routledge, 2012). INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION ASSOCIATION (ICA) HANDBOOK SERIES Robert T. Craig, Series Editor Selected titles include: Edited by Jesper Strömbäck and Lynda Lee Kaid—The Handbook of Election News Coverage Around the World Edited by Karin Wahl- Jorgensen and Thomas Hanitzsch—The Handbook of Journalism Studies Edited by George Cheney, Steve May, and Debashish Munshi—The Handbook of Communication Ethics Edited by Frank Esser and Thomas Hanitzsch—The Handbook of Comparative Communication Research Edited by Howard Giles—The Handbook of Intergroup Communication Edited by Peter Simonson, Janice Peck, Robert T. Craig, and John Jackson—The Handbook of Communication History Edited by Donal Carbaugh—The Handbook of Communication in Cross- cultural Perspective Edited by Bryan C. Taylor and Hamilton Bean—The Handbook of Communication and Security Edited by Karin Wahl- Jorgensen and Thomas Hanitzsch—The Handbook of Journalism Studies, 2nd edition THE HANDBOOK OF JOURNALISM STUDIES 2ND EDITION Edited by Karin Wahl- Jorgensen and Thomas Hanitzsch Second edition published 2020 by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 Taylor & Francis The right of Karin Wahl- Jorgensen and Thomas Hanitzsch to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Routledge 2009 Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin, editor. | Hanitzsch, Thomas, 1969– editor. Title: The handbook of journalism studies / edited by Karin Wahl-Jorgensen and Thomas Hanitzsch. Description: 2nd edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: International Communication Association (ICA) handbook series | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019008919 | ISBN 9781138052888 (hardback) | ISBN 9781138052895 (paperback) | ISBN 9781315167497 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Journalism. Classification: LCC PN4724.H36 2019 | DDC 070.4—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019008919 ISBN: 978- 1- 138- 05288- 8 (hbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 138- 05289- 5 (pbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 315- 16749- 7 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman and Helvetica by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents Series Editor’s Foreword ix ROBERT T. CRAIG About the Editors xi List of Contributors xiii PART I: INTRODUCING JOURNALISM STUDIES 1 Journalism Studies: Developments, Challenges, and Future Directions 3 KARIN WAHL- JORGENSEN AND THOMAS HANITZSCH 2 Journalism History 21 MARTIN CONBOY 3 Journalism Theory 38 LAURA AHVA AND STEEN STEENSEN 4 Journalism Education 55 BEATE JOSEPHI PART II: NEWS PRODUCTION 5 News Organizations and Routines 73 OSCAR WESTLUND AND MATS EKSTRÖM 6 Journalists as Gatekeepers 90 TIM P. VOS 7 Professionalism, Professional Identity, and Journalistic Roles 105 THOMAS HANITZSCH AND HENRIK ÖRNEBRING 8 Boundary Work 123 MATT CARLSON AND SETH C. LEWIS 9 Objectivity, Professionalism, and Truth Seeking 136 C. W. ANDERSON AND MICHAEL SCHUDSON v vi CONTENTS 10 Journalism and Witnessing 151 MERVI PANTTI 11 Reporters and Their Sources 165 DAN BERKOWITZ 12 Computational Journalism 180 NEIL THURMAN 13 Journalism, Social Media, and Online Publics 196 DAVID DOMINGO PART III: NEWS CONTENT 14 News Values and News Selection 213 DEIRDRE O’NEILL AND TONY HARCUP 15 Framing the News 229 CHRISTIAN BADEN 16 News, Discourse, and Ideology 246 DARREN KELSEY 17 News and Storytelling 261 KARIN WAHL- JORGENSEN AND THOMAS R. SCHMIDT 18 Tabloidization of the News 277 HERMAN WASSERMAN PART IV: JOURNALISM AND SOCIETY 19 Journalism and Democracy 293 DAVID RYFE 20 Journalism Ethics 307 STEPHEN J. A. WARD 21 Economic Contexts of Journalism 324 RASMUS KLEIS NIELSEN 22 Journalism, Public Relations, and Spin 341 JIM MACNAMARA 23 Journalism, Trust, and Credibility 356 ARJEN VAN DALEN CONTENTS vii 24 Journalism in War and Conflict 372 HOWARD TUMBER PART V: JOURNALISM AND CULTURE 25 Journalism, Audiences, and News Experience 389 IRENE COSTERA MEIJER 26 Journalism and Everyday Life 406 FOLKER HANUSCH 27 Journalism and Memory 420 KEREN TENENBOIM- WEINBLATT AND MOTTI NEIGER 28 Citizen Journalism and Participation 435 STUART ALLAN AND ARNE HINTZ 29 Gender, Sex, and Newsroom Culture 452 LINDA STEINER 30 Covering Diversity 469 ELIZABETH POOLE PART VI: JOURNALISM STUDIES IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT 31 History and Development of Journalism Studies as a Global Field 487 LIANE ROTHENBERGER, IRINA TRIBUSEAN, ANDREA C. HOFFMANN, AND MARTIN LÖFFELHOLZ 32 Comparative Journalism Research 506 THOMAS HANITZSCH 33 Journalism and Transitions to Democracy in Eastern Europe 522 PETER GROSS 34 Journalism and Authoritarian Resilience 538 CHERIAN GEORGE Index 555 Series Editor’s Foreword Robert T. Craig In their introduction to this second edition of The Handbook of Journalism Studies, editors Karin Wahl-Jorgensen and Thomas Hanitzsch aptly note that it is not merely an update of the first edi- tion but that it reflects a comprehensive effort to reconstruct journalism studies as a maturing discipline challenged to engage with the slippery, uncertain, and perilous realities of 21st century journalism in all its global diversity. Accordingly, all but 9 of the 34 chapters assembled for this edition are entirely new, all contributed by internationally prominent scholars. The Handbook is organized in six parts, the first of which presents the editors’ introduc- tion along with overview chapters on journalism history, theory, and education. The remaining parts are concerned with news production, news content, journalism and society, journalism and culture, and journalism studies in a global context. Each chapter explains key concepts, reviews historical and current trends in the literature, and sets the agenda for future research on its topic. For me, several themes stand out across the volume. One, of course, is the ongoing digi- tal revolution that is profoundly transforming every aspect of journalistic practice, professional identity, and institutional structure. The rise of social media has altered the media ecology in which journalism functions, including processes that can make it uncertain who counts as a journalist, encourage public participation, or facilitate the spread of “fake news.” Computational journalism has expanded the potential for data- based reporting while automated, “robot” news- writing poses new ethical questions. A second theme is to question the tight normative coupling of journalism with liberal democracy, not only because it distracts scholarship from culturally important forms of non- political news but also because it perpetuates a Western bias that distorts our understanding of journalism as it is practiced in different political systems around the globe. The chal- lenges