N°. 158 IMPROVING PUBLIC HEALTH THROUGH MYCOTOXIN CONTROL EDITED BY JOHN I. PITT, CHRISTOPHER P. WILD, ROBERT A. BAAN, WENTZEL C.A. GELDERBLOM, J. DAVID MILLER, RONALD T. RILEY, AND FELICIA WU IARC SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATION N°. 158 IMPROVING PUBLIC HEALTH THROUGH MYCOTOXIN CONTROL EDITED BY JOHN I. PITT, CHRISTOPHER P. WILD, ROBERT A. BAAN, WENTZEL C.A. GELDERBLOM, J. DAVID MILLER, RONALD T. RILEY, AND FELICIA WU INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER LYON, FRANCE 2012 Published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France ©International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2012 Distributed by WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication. The International Agency for Research on Cancer welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate IARC publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to the IARC Communications Group, at: [email protected]. Cover art: “Groundnuts and Mealies” (Jackie Carstairs 1989). This oil and gouache painting is one of a series entitled “Women and Children”, by Zimbabwean artist Jackie Carstairs. This scene depicts the traditional life of the women and children of Zimbabwe. Reproduced with the kind permission of the artist. IARC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Improving public health through mycotoxin control / edited by John I. Pitt … [et al.] (IARC Scientific Publications ; 158) 1. Mycotoxins 2. Food Contamination – prevention & control 3. Public Health – standards 4. Risk Assessment I. Pitt, John I II. Series ISBN 978-92-832-2214-9 (NLM Classification: W1) ISSN 0300-5085 Table of contents Contributors..........................................................................................................................................................................v Dedication: Professor Wally Marasas..............................................................................................................................vii Executive summary.............................................................................................................................................................ix Chapter 1...............................................................................................................................................................................1 Fungi producing significant mycotoxins Chapter 2............................................................................................................................................................................31 Chemical and physical characteristics of the principal mycotoxins Chapter 3............................................................................................................................................................................39 Sampling and sample preparation methods for determining concentrations of mycotoxins in foods and feeds Chapter 4............................................................................................................................................................................53 Analysis of mycotoxins Chapter 5............................................................................................................................................................................59 Effects in food-producing animals Chapter 6............................................................................................................................................................................87 Mycotoxins and human health Chapter 7...........................................................................................................................................................................105 Risk assessment and risk management of mycotoxins Chapter 8...........................................................................................................................................................................119 Economics of mycotoxins: evaluating costs to society and cost-effectiveness of interventions Chapter 9...........................................................................................................................................................................131 Practical approaches to control mycotoxins Subject index....................................................................................................................................................................147 Contributors Editors Dr F. Wu Dr A.W. Schaafsma Department of Environmental and Department of Plant Agriculture, The editors wrote most of the Occupational Health, University of University of Guelph material in the book and worked Pittsburgh Ridgetown, Ontario N1G 2W1, jointly on editing the overall text. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA Canada Dr J.I. Pitt Other Contributors Dr K.A. Seifert CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences Eastern Cereal and Oilseed North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, The following people provided Research Centre, Agriculture and Australia draft material at different stages Agri-Food Canada of development of the book or Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada Dr C.P. Wild reviewed earlier versions. Their International Agency for Research contributions are gratefully ac- Dr G.S. Shephard on Cancer knowledged. Programme on Mycotoxins and 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France Experimental Carcinogenesis Dr M. Castegnaro (PROMEC Unit), South African Dr R.A. Baan Département Bioprocédés et Medical Research Council International Agency for Research Systèmes Microbiens, École Tygerberg 7505, South Africa on Cancer Nationale Supérieure Agronomique 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France de Toulouse The original idea for this book 31326 Auzeville-Tolosane, France came from the IARC Monographs Dr W.C.A. Gelderblom meeting in 2002 on “Some Programme on Mycotoxins and Dr R. Coker Traditional Herbal Medicines, Experimental Carcinogenesis ToxiMet Limited Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene (PROMEC Unit), South African Kent Science Park, Sittingbourne, and Styrene”. Manuscripts were Medical Research Council Kent ME9 8AZ, United Kingdom first commissioned at a meeting Tygerberg 7505, South Africa at IARC in 2003. The following Dr M. Pineiro people provided comments or Dr J.D. Miller (Food and Agriculture Organization materials that were not used in Department of Chemistry, Carleton of the United Nations, retired) the final version of the book. University M. Barreiro 3119, Montevideo, We acknowledge their support Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada Uruguay and encouragement during the development phase of the project. Dr R.T. Riley Dr J. Rheeder United States Department of Programme on Mycotoxins and Dr A.M. Cheraghali Agriculture, Agricultural Research Experimental Carcinogenesis Department of Pharmacology, Service, Richard B. Russell (PROMEC Unit), South African Baqyyatollah University of Medical Agricultural Research Center Medical Research Council Sciences Athens, Georgia 30605, USA Tygerberg 7505, South Africa Tehran, Iran Contributors v Dr P. Cotty Dr H. Njapau Dr S. Trujillo United States Department of Center for Food Safety and Applied Center for Food Safety and Applied Agriculture, Agricultural Research Nutrition, United States Food and Nutrition, United States Food and Service Drug Administration Drug Administration Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA College Park, Maryland 20740, USA College Park, Maryland 20740, USA Dr J.M. Fremy Dr D.L. Park Dr E. Welzig Agence Française de Sécurité Center for Food Safety and Applied Center for Analytical Chemistry, Sanitaire des Aliments Nutrition, United States Food and Institute for Agrobiotechnology 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France Drug Administration 3430 Tulln, Austria College Park, Maryland 20740, USA Dr Y. Grosse Dr G.E. Wood International Agency for Research Dr J.M. Rice Center for Food Safety and Applied on Cancer Department of Oncology, Lombardi Nutrition, United States Food and 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France Comprehensive Cancer Center, Drug Administration Georgetown University Medical College Park, Maryland 20740, USA Dr S. Henry Center (United States Food and Drug Washington, DC 20007, USA Dr H. Yazdanpanah Administration, retired) Toxicology Department, Shaheed 8004 Craddock Road, Greenbelt, Dr K. Straif Beheshti University of Medical Maryland 20770, USA International Agency for Research Sciences on Cancer Tehran, Iran Dr R. Krska 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France Center for Analytical