TAXON: Portulaca pilosa L. SCORE: 23.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Portulaca pilosa L. Family: Portulacaceae Common Name(s): hairy pigweed Synonym(s): Portulaca cyanosperma Egler kiss-me-quick Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 8 Jan 2021 WRA Score: 23.0 Designation: H(Hawai'i) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Prostrate Herb, Widely Naturalized, Environmental Weed, Palatable, Self-Compatible Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 8 Jan 2021 (Portulaca pilosa L.) Page 1 of 18 TAXON: Portulaca pilosa L. SCORE: 23.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 y 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 y 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 y=-1, n=1 n biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 8 Jan 2021 (Portulaca pilosa L.) Page 2 of 18 TAXON: Portulaca pilosa L. SCORE: 23.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No evidence] "Pantropical; in Hawai'i naturalized in usually dry, Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of open, strand to coastal habitats or lava fields, 0-620 m, on all of the the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University main islands except Lana'i and Kaho'olawe. First collected on Kaua'i of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. in 1922" 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native Northern America NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma] SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee] SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [New Mexico, Texas] USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Arizona] Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources REGION: Mexico Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Southern America Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. CARIBBEAN: Netherlands Antilles [Saba], Antigua and Barbuda https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 6 Jan 2021] [Antigua], Bahamas, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Lucia, Martinique, Trinidad and Tobago [Trinidad], United States [Puerto Rico], St. Vincent and Grenadines CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Venezuela BRAZIL: Brazil WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru" Creation Date: 8 Jan 2021 (Portulaca pilosa L.) Page 3 of 18 TAXON: Portulaca pilosa L. SCORE: 23.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 6 Jan 2021] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes LLIFLE - Encyclopedia of living forms. (2021). Portulaca "Altitude range: ϬʹϮϬϬϬmetres above sea level." pilosa. http://www.llifle.com/. [Accessed 7 Jan 2021] Tropicos.org. (2021). Missouri Botanical Garden. Collected over an elevation range of 0-3700 m and latitude ranges of http://www.tropicos.org/. [Accessed 7 Jan 2021] 00°43'N to 17°55'N and 00°04'S to 26°25'S Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Native Northern America NORTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma] SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee] SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [New Mexico, Texas] USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant SOUTHWESTERN U.S.A.: United States [Arizona] Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources REGION: Mexico Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Southern America Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. CARIBBEAN: Netherlands Antilles [Saba], Antigua and Barbuda https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 6 Jan 2021] [Antigua], Bahamas, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Lucia, Martinique, Trinidad and Tobago [Trinidad], United States [Puerto Rico], St. Vincent and Grenadines CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Venezuela BRAZIL: Brazil WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru" "Pantropical; in Hawai'i naturalized in usually dry, open, strand to Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of coastal habitats or lava fields, 0-620 m, on all of the main islands the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University except Lana'i and Kaho'olawe. First collected on Kaua'i in 1922 of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. (Skottsberg 1062, BISH)." Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Creation Date: 8 Jan 2021 (Portulaca pilosa L.) Page 4 of 18 TAXON: Portulaca pilosa L. SCORE: 23.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer "Since the earliest records of P. pilosa from Florida and North Carolina, the species has spread to all southeastern states of the USA, including Texas, and inland to Tennessee, where it was found in 1978 (Kral, 1981). It was also found relatively recently in northern Louisiana (Matthews and Levins, 1985a). Matthews and Levins (1985b) discuss the spread of P. pilosa to the USA. Based on the ranges of variation in the species, including differences that prompted the untenable separation of southwestern specimens as P. mundula, they hypothesized two introductions: one from Mexico and another from the Caribbean. Whether this was a natural range extension is not discussed. Based on the available data from the southeast and pattern of historical reports, the species does seem to CABI. (2021). Portulaca pilosa (kiss-me-quick). In: Invasive be a recent introduction to the southeastern states, probably Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. introduced via ballast and other human activities, while possibly www.cabi.org/isc native to the southwestern States, particularly New Mexico and Arizona. In Australia the species probably arrived with ship ballast between 1870 and 1920, possibly with multiple introductions (Menkins, 2015). In Africa, all available records are from the last several decades (Löve, 1987; Maroyi, 2006; CJB, 2015). In Asia the species was first found in Taiwan in 1929 (Xu et al., 2012; IBCAS, 2015), in China in Fujian in 1933 and Guangdong in 1974 (IBCAS, 2015), and in Singapore around 1922-1925 and Hong Kong in 1954 (Corlett, 1988).