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Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. FHWA periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement. Shared Mobility Primer | 2 TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. PL-18-007 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Travel Behavior: Shared Mobility and Transportation Equity August 2017 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report Susan Shaheen (UC Berkeley), Corwin Bell (UC Berkeley), Adam No. Cohen (UC Berkeley), Balaji Yelchuru (Booz Allen Hamilton) 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. 11. Contract or Grant No. 20 M St. SE, Suite 1000 DTFH61-13-D-00013 Washington, DC 20003 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Office of Policy & Governmental Affairs Covered Federal Highway Administration August 2016 – August 2017 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, DC 20590 HOTM 15. Supplementary Notes The Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative (COTR) was Heather Rose and Technical Support was Jasmy Methipara. 16. Abstract Shared mobility—the shared use of a motor vehicle, bicycle, or other low-speed transportation mode that allows users to obtain short-term access to transportation on an as-needed basis—has the potential to help address some transportation equity challenges. In an effort to categorize the myriad of transportation equity barriers facing transportation system users, this primer proposes a ‘STEPS to Transportation Equity’ framework including: Spatial, Temporal, Economic, Physiological, and Social barriers. For each barrier category, shared mobility opportunities and challenges are explored along with policy recommendations. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Shared Mobility, Transportation Equity Framework, No restrictions. Shared Mobility Subsidies, Planning, Carsharing, Bikesharing, Ridesharing, Ridesourcing 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 66 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized. Shared Mobility Primer | 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FHWA would like to thank the eleven subject matter experts from the private, public, and non- profit sectors who participated in discussions on shared mobility and equity. Their input was instrumental in guiding the creation of this document. Shared Mobility Primer | 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................................4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................11 WHAT IS SHARED MOBILITY?....................................................................................................................13 SHARED MOBILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF TRANSPORTATION EQUITY ...........................................14 CHAPTER 2. SHARED MOBILITY USERS ..................................................................16 WHO USES SHARED MOBILITY? ................................................................................................................16 WHO IS NOT USING SHARED MOBILITY AND WHY? ............................................................................18 GEOGRAPHIC PLACEMENT .........................................................................................................................18 UNBANKED .....................................................................................................................................................19 SOCIAL BARRIERS ........................................................................................................................................19 DIGITAL DIVIDE ............................................................................................................................................20 CHAPTER 3. OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND LESSONS LEARNED ......21 BARRIERS TO ACCESS AND USE ...............................................................................................................22 SPATIAL ...........................................................................................................................................................23 BARRIER DESCRIPTION ...............................................................................................................................23 SHARED MOBILITY OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES ..................................................................24 POLICY OPPORTUNITIES .............................................................................................................................27 TEMPORAL ......................................................................................................................................................28 BARRIER DESCRIPTION ...............................................................................................................................28 SHARED MOBILITY OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES ..................................................................28 POLICY OPPORTUNITIES .............................................................................................................................30 ECONOMIC ......................................................................................................................................................30 BARRIER DESCRIPTION ...............................................................................................................................30 SHARED MOBILITY OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES ..................................................................31 POLICY OPPORTUNITIES .............................................................................................................................34 PHYSIOLOGICAL ...........................................................................................................................................34 Shared Mobility Primer | 5 BARRIER DESCRIPTION ...............................................................................................................................34 SHARED MOBILITY OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES ..................................................................36 POLICY OPPORTUNITIES .............................................................................................................................38 SOCIAL .............................................................................................................................................................40 BARRIER DESCRIPTION ...............................................................................................................................40 SHARED MOBILITY OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES ..................................................................40 POLICY OPPORTUNITIES .............................................................................................................................43 GOVERNMENT ROLE ....................................................................................................................................44 KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER AND PARTNERSHIP FACILITATION...........................................................45 FUNDING .........................................................................................................................................................46 REGULATION/LEGISLATION ......................................................................................................................46 DATA AND METRICS ....................................................................................................................................47 POTENTIAL AREAS FOR NEEDED RESEARCH ........................................................................................48 USER DEMOGRAPHICS.................................................................................................................................48 IMPACT OF SHARED MOBILITY PARTNERSHIPS ...................................................................................49 POLICY BARRIERS ........................................................................................................................................49 CHAPTER 4. KEY STUDY TAKEAWAYS.....................................................................50