AFRICAN SWINE FEVER (ASF) ERADICATION CHANGE PROJECT IN SONGEA MUNICIPAL, RUVUMA REGION OF TANZANIA BY SERIA MASOLE SHONYELA 2018 DR.SERIA MASOLE SHONYELA Date i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Although this is not the end of the project, I am thankful to God for giving me wisdom and direction to start doing this change project. Thanks to Swedish government as the international training was supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) through International Training Program (ITP) to be the initiative of the change project and for the training they provided for us. I am very grateful to the Songea Municipal livestock professionals for their collaboration in this project. Thank you doesn’t seem sufficient but it is said withappreciation and respect for your collaboration. My special thanks to the municipal director and head of livestock department for allowing me to use the office for meetings and to let the training happen. I owe a great deal of appreciation and gratitude to Dr. Erika Chenais For her good coordination on the training in Sweden, friendly environment to work with us on training period in Sweden I pay tribute to my mentor Magdalena Jacobson I warmly thank for her valuable advice and her extensive discussions when I was in Sweden for the training. I am also very grateful for her scientific advice and pig knowledge and many insightful suggestions. It’s my pleasure to acknowledge all teachers/instructors for their constant moral support, teaching and providing the good knowledge to carry out for disease control some part of myresearch work. I am much indebted to the chair person and assistant chairperson of the ITP program. I wish to thank our respectable brother in Sweden, for caring and guiding us during the training, Uweis Nassor I would also like to thank my colleagues from different countries in the region. The whole time of training was made happy, smooth, comfortable and easier with their presence and their questions. Last but not least, I would like to pay high regards to my three children, my mother, sisters, for their sincere inspiration and taking care of my children. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .......................................................................... Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................... iiiii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ iiiiv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................... Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.vi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................. Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.vi CHAPTER 1 ..........................................................................Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.1 1.1. Introduction .............................................................Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.1 1.2. Objective .................................................................Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.5 CHAPTER 2 ..........................................................................Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.6 2.1. Materials and Methods ............................................Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.6 2.1.1. Change projectstudy Area ................................Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.6 2.1.2. Subject 1 Coordination and management ......Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.10 Outline of official arrangements ................................... Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.11 2.1.3. Subject 2 Prevention, control and eradication models for ASFFel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.12 2.1.4. Subject 3Training and knowledge transfer ....Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.16 2.1.5. Subject 4 Pig and wild boar interactions relevant for ASF epidemiology ............ Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.38 2.1.6. Subject 5 Development of vaccine against ASFFel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.39 3. CHAPTER 3 .................................................................Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.20 3.1. Project Results: ......................................................Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.20 3.1.1. Subject 2 - Prevention, control and eradication models for ASFFel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.20 iii 3.1.2. Subject 3 Training and knowledge transfer ...Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.30 CONCLUSION ................................................................Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.35 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.36 LIST OF APPENDICES ......................................................Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.42 Consent form ....................................................................Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.42 Questionnaire ...................................................................Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.43 REFERENCES ....................................................................Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.51 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Pig population inSongea municipal from the years 2013 to 2018 ................................ 710 Table 2 Results of the Questionnaire response symbolized as percentage on ASF Questions concerning: knowledge, awareness, preventive measures and disease guideline YES (green bars), DON’T KNOW (light green bars) and NO (red bars) as described in Table below ................. 2427 Table 3 Predictors of ASF on Questionnaire were pig management system, sex and Location 2428 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. A map showing the study area ..................................................................................... 710 Figure 2. Songea Municipality .....................................................................................................711 Figure 3. Structure and the political organization of Songea municipal ..................................... 813 Figure 4. Administrative Organization structure ...................................................................... 1014 Figure 5. Pig management systems .......................................................................................... 1317 Figure 6. Administration of questionnaires to the farmers ....................................................... 1619 Figure 7. Interaction and training on control of ASF to the pig farmers and butcheries .......... 1922 Figure 8.practical training for meat inspectors and animal health professionals on how to do thorough meat inspections and on how to collect blood samplesfor laboratory testing. .......... 2023 i CHAPTER 1 1.1.Introduction African Swine Fever (ASF) is a shocking disease affecting pigs caused by a complex virus member of the Asfarviridae family[1]. Disease transmission is maintained under different and complex epidemiological settings involving domestic and wild swine and arthropod vectors. Due to the fact that no vaccine has been obtained so far, prevention, control, and eradication of the disease is mainly based on the early detection and the implementation of strict sanitary measures. The disease is endemic in Sub-Saharan countries of Africa [2]. Since 1997, ASF was acknowledged in Tanzania, Kenya, Zambia, Mozambique, Malawi and many other African countries where the spreading is out of control, causing a serious threat to African countries [1]. African swine fever is since 2012 the most important threat to pigs in the Ruvuma region (official unpublished documented). ASF outbreaks have been continuing in the different districts in Ruvuma region, causing severe economic losses for many pig farmers and pork producers (slaughters/ butcheries; official unpublished documents). In addition, the number of ASF cases in Ruvuma region has dramatically increased over the past few years and is at the moment present in four districts. Evidence supports direct contact with infected pigs imported for slaughter that are kept in free- range management, and consumption of contaminated feed (i.e. uninspected pig offals and game meat), as the main transmission routes of ASF virus (ASFV) to domestic pigs. On the other hand, significant awareness gaps emphasize the vital need for research to investigate the importance of indirect transmission from the environment.This will provide an improved basis of knowledge on how to optimize current interventions and develop new strategies to reduce the risk of ASFV transmission to domestic pigs. 1 ASFV can be preserved in domestic pigs through a pig-to-tick cycle, which does not involve warthogs, and a pig-to-pig cycle through direct contact between infected and susceptible animals [3, 4]. Whilst the acute form of the disease is oftenseen in domestic pigs [5]. The importance of training and knowledge transfer of a devastating disease like ASF in domestic pigs has been recognized for many years since its first description in 1921 and was appreciated 1957 in Africa [6, 7]. Since acceptable circumstances concerning the control and prevention of ASF is not yet accomplished in Africa, there is still spread of the disease in many countries. In this situation, the Songea municipality is at high risk of introduction of the disease by legal or illegal movements of animals and animal products, particularly through imported pigs (abattoirs). In order to design a rational eradication model that takes into account different risk situations, knowledge about the pig farming systems / pork meat production and contact