Root Policy Research 6740 E Colfax Ave, Denver, CO 80220 www.rootpolicy.com 970.880.1415 Final Report 2020 Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing Choice in the Baltimore Region PREPARED FOR: CREATED City of Annapolis and the Housing Authority of the City of 06/22/2020 Annapolis; Anne Arundel County and the Housing Commission of Anne Arundel County; City of Baltimore and the Housing Authority of Baltimore City; Baltimore County; Baltimore Metropolitan Council (BMC); Harford County and the Havre de Grace Housing Authority; and Howard County and the Howard County Housing Commission http://bit.ly/RegionalAI Table of Contents ES. Executive Summary Community Engagement ............................................................................................ ES–1 Primary Research Findings ......................................................................................... ES–2 Approach to Address Barriers .................................................................................... ES–7 I. Community Participation Process Outreach Activities ........................................................................................................... I–2 Regional AI Stakeholder Work Group ............................................................................ I–4 Other Stakeholder Consultation .................................................................................... I–6 List of Organizations and Agencies Consulted .......................................................... I–10 Stakeholder Feedback Received ................................................................................. I–12 II. Assessment of Past Goals and Actions Description of Approach ............................................................................................... II–1 Assessment of 2012 Regional AI Goals and Actions .................................................. II–3 City of Annapolis Assessment of Past Goals and Tasks .......................................... II–20 Anne Arundel County Assessment of Past Goals and Tasks .................................. II–24 The City of Baltimore Assessment of Past Goals and Tasks ................................... II–30 Baltimore County Assessment of Past Goals and Tasks ......................................... II–35 Harford County Assessment of Past Goals and Tasks ............................................ II–40 Howard County Assessment of Past Goals and Tasks ............................................ II–46 III. Demographic Patterns Primary Findings ........................................................................................................... III–1 History of Residential Settlement and Segregation ................................................. III–2 Demographic Context .................................................................................................. III–6 Segregation and Integration ....................................................................................... III–9 Economic Segregation ................................................................................................ III–27 Racially and Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty (R/ECAP) .......................... III–31 Trends Affecting Diversity and Segregation ............................................................ III–35 IV. Access to Opportunity Primary Findings ........................................................................................................... IV–1 Disparities in Access to Low Poverty Areas ............................................................... IV–3 Disparities in Access to Quality Education ................................................................. IV–5 ROOT POLICY RESEARCH i Table of Contents Employment Disparities ............................................................................................. IV–19 Disparities in Transportation Access ........................................................................ IV–28 Disparities in Community Health .............................................................................. IV–39 Resident Perspectives on Access to Opportunity ................................................... IV–47 Composite Opportunity Maps in the Baltimore Region ........................................ IV–54 V. Disproportionate Housing Needs Primary Findings ............................................................................................................ V–2 Housing Needs ............................................................................................................... V–3 Gaps in Rental Housing Supply .................................................................................. V–10 Gaps in Attaining Homeownership ........................................................................... V–17 Private Barriers to Housing Choice ........................................................................... V–32 VI. Publicly Supported Housing Analysis Primary Findings ........................................................................................................... VI–1 Who occupies publicly supported housing relative to Racially or Ethnically Concentrated Areas of Poverty (R/ECAPs)? ......................................................... VI–2 Public-Sector Strategies for Addressing R/ECAPs: Baltimore City’s Framework for Community Development ........................................................ VI–12 Regionwide: Geographic Distribution and Access to Opportunity ....................... VI–30 Additional Input on Private Barriers to Housing Choice ........................................ VI–62 VII. Disability and Access Profile of Persons with Disabilities ............................................................................ VII–1 Past Challenges and Successful Initiatives ............................................................. VII–10 VIII. Zoning and Land Use Why Zoning Matters ................................................................................................... VIII–1 Findings from 2012 Analysis of Impediments ......................................................... VIII–5 Land Use and Development ...................................................................................... VIII–8 Land Use Planning in the State of Maryland ......................................................... VIII–15 Zoning and Land Use Review .................................................................................. VIII–18 IX. Fair Housing Enforcement, Outreach, and Resources Federal Fair Housing Laws and Statutes .................................................................... IX–1 State and Local Laws and Ordinances ....................................................................... IX–7 ROOT POLICY RESEARCH ii Table of Contents Regional and Local Capacity ...................................................................................... IX–12 Baltimore Regional Fair Housing Group .................................................................. IX–12 City of Annapolis Human Relations Commission ................................................... IX–12 Anne Arundel County Human Relations Commission ........................................... IX–13 Baltimore City Community Relations Commission ................................................ IX–14 Baltimore County Human Relations Commission .................................................. IX–15 Harford County Human Relations Commission ..................................................... IX–16 Howard County Human Rights Commission ........................................................... IX–17 Fair Housing Cases ..................................................................................................... IX–19 X. Fair Housing Goals and Priorities Fair Housing Issues and Contributing Factors ........................................................... X–1 Approach to Address Barriers ...................................................................................... X–3 Appendices (Separate Volume) ROOT POLICY RESEARCH iii Acknowledgements The project team thanks the participating jurisdictions and stakeholder workgroup for their dedicated time, provision of data and information, thoughtful contributions to the study, and commitment to addressing the fair housing challenges identified in this report. We are also grateful to the residents who shared their experiences and perspectives with fair housing and access to opportunity by participating in the resident survey. Dan Pontious of the Baltimore Metropolitan Council (BMC) was instrumental in completing this study. The AI would not have been be possible without his leadership and we are thankful for his tireless contribution. ROOT POLICY RESEARCH iv SECTION ES. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Baltimore Regional AI Executive Summary The Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing Choice, or AI, is a planning process for local governments and public housing agencies (PHAs) to take meaningful actions to overcome historic patterns of segregation, promote fair housing choice, and foster inclusive communities that are free from discrimination. This AI was conducted for the Baltimore Region between 2019 and 2020 as a joint effort among the following entities: ¾ City of Annapolis and the Housing Authority of the City of Annapolis, ¾ Anne Arundel County and the Housing Commission of Anne Arundel County, ¾ City of Baltimore and the Housing Authority of Baltimore City, ¾ Baltimore County, ¾ Baltimore Metropolitan Council