210 Journal of Nematology, Volume 11, No. 2, April 1979 Radio Shack, Fort Worth, Texas 76107. used in this prototype was constructed at Built-in dropping resistor 120 VAC. Catalog the University of Arizona. Commercially no. 272-703. available valves are suitable for this applica- Indicator lights (I12-It4): Neon lamps. tion. A 12-way ceramic-faced rotary valve is Radio Shack, Fort Worth, Texas 76107. available from JZ Associates, Brookline, Built-in dropping resistor 120 VAC. Catalog Massachusetts 02146. Model no. RVI. no. 272-705. Switch (St): This switch was constructed LITERATURE CITED at the University of Arizona. It is suggested 1. VIGLIERCHIO, D. R., and A. R. MAGGENTI. that a 12-way rotary valve be used in con- 1965. Automatic solvent exchanger. Trans. structing similar devices; 12-way rotary Am. Micros. Soc. 84:284-293. switches are commercially available; 10-way 2. McCLURE, M. A., and L. J. STOWELL. 1978. A simple method for processing nematodes rotary switches are not. for electron microscopy. J. Nematol. 10:376- Rotary valve: The 10-way rotary valve 377. Nonsolanaceous Hosts of Globodera in the Andes PARVIZ JATALA, J. FRANCO, A. VILCA, and W. CORNEJO ~ The potato cyst nematodes Globodera were regarded as a single species, Heterodera pallida (Stone) and G. rostochiensis (Wol- rostochiensis. Mulvey and Stone (6) placed lenweber) are important pests of potatoes the potato cyst nematodes and other nema- in the Andes of South America. Concern todes with special cysts in a separate genus, was occasioned by the discovery of these Globodera. Stone used the cream or white nematodes in soil collected from potatoes in immature female color in G. pallida to a Peruvian ship, "Amazonas," arriving at differentiate it from the golden color of the port of Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., oll female in G. rostochiensis. Evans et al. (3) April 3, 1951, and again in another Peruvian reported that in Southern Peru G. pallida ship arriving in New York harbor in Sep- and G. rostochiensis occur together, but tember 1951. Investigators traced potatoes only G. pallida occurs north of Lake on the "Amazonas" to the province of Titicaca in Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. Ambo, Department of Huanuco (8). Later The host range of tlle potato cyst nematode surveys revealed widespread distribution of is reported to be limited to Solanaceous potato cyst nematodes in the highlands of plants (4). Peru (5, 8). The only round-cyst-forming Diaz and co-workers (2) suspected that nematode reported from the Andes (in ad- Oxalis tuberosa ([Gray] Heller), UUucus dition to those attacking potatoes) is tuberosus (Caldas.), and Chenopodium GIobodera leptonepia (Cobb ~ Taylor), quinoa (Wild.) were hosts of the potato which was collected on April 26, 1952, from cyst nematodes. Martin et al. (5) observed soil (in ship's storage) with potatoes taken white female nematodes, which they called aboard at Callao, Peru, and intercepted at "white cysts," on the roots of Oxalis the port of Oakland, California (1). This tuberosa and Tropaeolum tuberosum (Ruiz nematode has not been found again in Peru and Pav.) (two tuber-bearing food crops in or elsewhere. the Andes) and on Medicago species in the Before Stone's (7) description of H. province of Canta, Department of Lima, Pallida, in 1973, the potato cyst nematodes and the Department of Cajamarca (central and northern highlands of Peru). Franco Received for publication 3 November 1978. (unpublished) tested those species in a aHead, Department of Nematology and Entomology and Nematologist, International Potato Center, Apartado 5969, greenhouse with a population of G. pallida Lima, Peru; Nematologist, Universidad National Tecnica from Tarma in the central highland and del Altiplano, Puno, Peru; and Nematologist, Estaci6n Ex- perimental de Puno, Puno, Peru. found that no cyst nematodes developed on Nonsolanaceous Hosts of Globodera: Jatala et al. 211 their roots. Therefore, he concluded that those infecting Chenopodium resemble G. an unrecognized mixture of segments of rostochiensis. Nevertheless, some morpho- potato roots with roots of Oxalis, etc., might logical differences between these nematodes account for the observation by Martin et al. and the potato cyst nematodes warrant There are scattered unpublished reports of critical evaluation. Parallel host-range tests infection of nonsolanaceous crops by potato and electrophoretic examinations are cyst nematodes in the southern highlands of needed to clarify the classification of these Peru. nematodes. Should any of these nematodes During several collection trips made in prove to be the same species as the potato 1976, 1977, and 1978 in the southern high- cyst nematodes, they may belong to newly lands of Peru in the Department of Puno, evolved and geogTaphically restricted races. near Lake Titicaca, we observed field in- It is possible that potato cyst nematodes are fection of Oxalis tuberosa, Tropaeolum not restricted to Solanaceous plants. tuberosurn, Ullucus tuberosus, and some Malvaceous weeds by a Globodera having LITERATURE CITED white female color. In this same area 1. COBB, G. S., and A. L. TAYLOR. 1953. Chenopodium quinoa was observed to be Heterodera leptonepia, n.sp., a cyst forming infected by a GIobodera with yellow fe- nematode found in soil with stored potatoes. males. In a preliminary study using the Proc. Helm. Soc. Wash. 20:13-15. cysts collected from O. tuberosa and C. 2. DIAZ, J. F., A. GARCIA G., and A. MARTIN R. quinoa roots, infection o~ these plants by 1962. Nematode dorado de la papa. Min. de Agric. Servicio de Investigaci6n y Promoci6n the respective Globodera was confirmed. It Agraria. Bol. Tec. 34. 12 p. is interesting that these nematodes also 3. EVANS, K., J. FRANCO, and M. M. DE infected potatoes. SCURRAH. 1975. Distribution of potato cyst It is believed that the high plateau of nematodes ill South America. Nematologica the Lake Titicaca area is the center of 21:365-369. 4. MAI, ~V. F. 1977. Worldwide distribution of origin of Solanum tuberosum subsp. potato cyst nematodes and their importance andigena and probably that of O. tuberosa, in crop production. J. Nematology 9:30-34. C. quinoa, and T. tuberosum. Similarly, this 5. MARTIN, A. R., J. DIAZ F., A. GARCIA G., area is considered to be the center of origin and J. E. SIMON F. 1963. E1 nematode dorado of the potato cyst nematodes. In this area de la papa. Est. Exp. Agric. La Molina, Bol. 6, Lima, Peru. 20 p. both G. pallida and G. rostochiensis coexist, 6. MULVEY, R. H., and A. R. STONE. 1976. with a great diversity of races. Potatoes and Description of Punctodera matadorensis their nematode pathogens have probably n.gen., n.sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from had a parallel evolution, which accounts Saskatchewan with lists of species and generic diagnoses of Globodera (n. rank), Heterodera, for such diversity. The same parallel evolu- and Sarisodera. Can. J. Zool. 54:772-785. tionary process may have also been opera- 7. STONE, A. R. 1973. Heterodera pallida n.sp. tive in Oxalis, Chenopodium, Tropaeolum, (Nematoda: Heteroderidae), a second species and Globodera spp. Through constant as- of potato cyst nematode. Nematologica 18: sociation of Globodera species with these 591-606. 8. WILLE, J. E., and C. BAZAN DE SEGURA. plants and selection pressure, new races and 1952. La anguilula dorada Heterodera perhaps species of Globodera were probably rostochiensis, una plaga del cultivo de las evolved. Morphologically, and on the basis papas, reeien descubierta en el Peru. Est. Exp. of female color, the Oxalis-infecting nema- Agric. La Molina. Bol. 48, Lima, Peru. 17 p. tode is closely related to G. pallida, while .