PSYCHOTHERAPY Each approach has its own beliefs and techniques to treat mental illness HISTORY OF INSANE TREATMENT Maltreatment of “insane” was based on irrational Humane movements to views. Patients subjected care for the mentally sick to stranger, debilitating founded by and dangerous treatments Philippe Pinel (1746-1826) Dorthea Dix (1802-1887) France America THERAPIES • Emotionally charged, confiding interaction Psychotherapy between a trained therapist and patient Biomedical • Uses drugs or other physical procedures that act of the patient's nervous system curing him of Therapy psychological disorders Eclectic • Uses various forms or healing techniques Approach depending on client/situation PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES Psycho- Behavioral analytic Humanistic Congitive PSYCHOANALYSIS Aims • Problems originate from repressed impulses & childhood conflicts, the aim is to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where the patient can deal w them. • When energy devoted to id-ego-superego conflict is released, anxiety lessons Methods • Free association, Hypnosis, Dream Interp. FREE ASSOCIATION Resistance Transference • During free association, • Patient opens up and revels patient edits thoughts to his innermost private resist his feelings and to thoughts to the therapist express his emotions. Such developing positive or RESISTANCE becomes negative feelings– important in the analysis of TRANSFERENCE– towards conflict-driven anxiety therapist CRITICISMS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS 1. Hard to refute because can not be proven or disproven 2. Takes a long time and is very expensive (3-5x week x several years!) HUMANISTIC THERAPIES – CARL ROGERS!! Aim - Boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance Methods - Client/Person-Centered Therapy • Therapists listens to needs of the patient in an accepting non-judgmental way (UPR), addressing problems in a productive way and building his or her self-esteem • Therapists engages in active listening & echoes, restates, & clarifies patient’s thinking, acknowledging expressed feelings BEHAVIORAL Beliefs environment (or consequences ie rewards Applies learning to elimination of and punishments) make us who we are . unwanted behaviors Famous Figures- BF Skinner, John Watson Used to treat Anxiety Disorders TECHNIQUES Systematic Exposure/flooding Desensitization (step by step relaxation) Token Economy- or Aversive Conditioning operant conditioning. – associates Reward desired unpleasant state w behavior unwanted behavior HIERARCHY I am entering a large building. I am traveling down a hallway. I am pressing a button for an elevator. I am watching the elevator doors open. I am stepping into an elevator. I am watching the doors close after entering the elevator. I am traveling one floor on the elevator. I am traveling five floors on the elevator. I am traveling 10 floors on an elevator. HIERARCHY OF BEHAVIORS High Anxiety Situations • You are reading the first test question and cannot remember the correct answer. • The class has started, and the instructor is handing out exam booklets. The room isnoisy as the teacher gives some last-minute instructions. • You are sitting in the student lounge before the test and overhear two students in yourclass frantically reviewing. One asks a question, and you can’t recall the answer. • It is 5:00 a.m. and you awaken suddenly with thoughts of the upcoming exam. • It is the night before the first exam, and you are studying as hard as you possibly can; you doubt that you can learn all you need to know. • The teacher reminds the class that the first test is 1 week away. • In class you overhear two students discussing how difficult the first test will be. • While completing the first reading assignment, you wonder if you will be able to do wellon the exam. Low Anxiety Situations • The teacher announces on the first day of class that you will have four exams inthe course. COGNITIVE THERAPY Teaches people adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts intervene b/w events & emotional reactions Aaron Beck says depressed patients believe they can never be happy thus minor failings in life causes depression • Thought process needs to change to recover COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY • Thoughts control our behaviors. Aims to alter Beliefs the way people act (behavior therapy) and alter the way they think (cognitive therapy) • Cognitive Therapy (Beck) • REBT or Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy Techniques (Albert Ellis) • Virtual Therapy (both beh. And cog) Irrational Belief Rational Alternative I must make As. I simply can’t stand the Food, oxygen, and water are things you must have; As are not. And though it is frustrating and disappointing not to achieve the thought of making anything less. grade to which you aspire, your life will continue. There are many reasons why students don’t understand instructors. Sometimes it is due to deficiencies in the educational I never understand what my instructor background of the student; sometimes instructional ineffectiveness is the cause. However, there are many ways to says; my stupidity will lead to certain learn something; your instructor is but one resource. failure. Forgetting is as big a part of being human as is remembering. You are not dumb or despicable because you’ve forgotten something; you’re simply human. Avoid thinking in extreme terms. There is no truth to the notion that if you aren’t perfect or brilliant, then you If I can’t remember the answer to test must be a failure or a moron. questions I’ve studied, I must be a real dummy. No one has ever died of embarrassment. Blush you may, but your heart will continue to beat, and your brain will continue to function. Failure is neither a crime nor a sin; you’re human, therefore, you are fallible. Furthermore, poor college grades seldom cause spouses to stop loving each other or children to run I’ll die of embarrassment if I fail this course. away from home. I’ll never be able to face my family again. FIGURES.