1 SAJEST 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajest.v4i1.39813 3 Original Article Open Access 4 Received: June 2014 / Accepted: 1 August 2016 5 Published online: June 2017 6 7 Causes of wildland fires and factors that influence knowledge of fire management at 8 Crofton village, Makoni District, Zimbabwe 9 10 Choga Dyke and Nyamadzawo George* 11 Abstract with farmer’s knowledge of management of Wildland fires are a threat to the conservation of wildland fires. Farmers’ knowledge on wildland biodiversity and human life. In Zimbabwe, the fire management was influenced by period of stay newly re-settled smallholder farmers are perceived and exposure to wildland fires in the village. as the major drivers of wildland fires. A survey was Farmers with a longer period of stay in the study conducted in Crofton Village Ward 38 of Makoni area were more knowledgeable than those with a District in Zimbabwe to determine farmers’ shorter period. Gender and age had an effect on knowledge on the causes of wildland fires and farmer’s knowledge about causes of wildland fires factors that influence their knowledge on the and men apparently had more knowledge and management of wildland fires. Randomised experience with wildland fire management. Human purposive multistage sampling was used to select activities were responsible for most of the wildland 60% of the total population in the study area. Data fires. Resettled farmers, farmers with primary level processing and analysis was done using the and those with no formal education had limited Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) knowledge on wildland fire management. It was version 21.0 of 2012 to analyse the relationship recommended that effective wildland fire between the dependent variable (farmers’ awareness programmes be put in place to improve knowledge of wildland fire management) and farmer knowledge and wildland fire management independent variables (sex, age, level of education skills. and period of stay in the village. Farmers revealed that land clearing, poor disposal of ashes, brick Keywords: Wildland fires, anthropogenic moulding and arson were the chief causes of activities, resettled smallholder, management. wildland fires. There was a significant (p<0.05) relationship between period of stay in the village 1.0 INTRODUCTION Corresponding Author*: Wildland fires are a major problem in the savanna Dyke Choga, G Nyamadzawo* Department of Environmental Science, Bindura University of region because they occur too frequently thereby Science Education, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, causing land degradation, loss of biodiversity, food Zimbabwe. E-mail: [email protected] insecurity, loss of life, destruction of property and 28 SAJEST emission of greenhouse gases which cause global have limited knowledge on fire management and warming and climate change (Svotwa et al., 2007; this resulted in fires getting out of control. Amissah Amissah et al., 2010; Nyamadzawo et al., 2013). et al., (2003) argues that, since farming is dynamic According to the EMA (2014) between 2010 and and is constantly fed by farmers’ knowledge and 2014 Crofton village lost approximately 3 000 ha to perceptions, farmers should have an appreciation of wildland fires on an annual basis. Forests are under fire-related causes to enable them cope with the highest threat from wildland fires though they increasing incidences of wildfires in the play an important role in the economy, social well- agricultural landscapes. Farmers have knowledge being of people and the environment. In on the ways of managing wildland fires but their Zimbabwe, forests contribute 3% to Gross ideas need to be supported (Amissah et al., 2003). Domestic Product (GDP) (Forestry Commission of A study conducted by Absher et al., (2009) on who Zimbabwe, 2011). is responsible for fire management found that the responsibility is shared between farmers and Several reasons have been cited as causes of environmental managers. wildland fires. Human beings were reported to cause 95% of wildland fires in Southern Africa, Documented information on factors influencing the while natural fires have become rare (Nkomo et al., farmers’ knowledge levels in wildland fire 2009). However, farmers in Cashel Valley cited management in Zimbabwe is currently scanty. For agricultural activities as the major factor for example Amissah et al., (2010) researched on the wildland fires (Nkomo, 2009). In Zimbabwe perspectives of farmers on the management of farmers use fires to burn plant residues and clear wildland fires but did not look into factors that virgin land during land preparation (Svotwa et al., influence their knowledge. Such factors form the 2007). They also burn plant residues to kill pests basis for successful wildland fire management and especially in grazing lands (Nkomo et al., 2009). In if not considered during awareness campaigns, the Chegutu area, farmers perceived hunting as the meetings and workshops the goal of reducing major cause of wildland fires (Svotwa et al., 2007). wildland fires will not be achieved. There is Hunting and burning by hunters who want to flash therefore need to assess and understand the causes out wild animals are activities that also cause of wildland fires and the factors that influence wildland fires, in addition to bee smoking, farmers’ knowledge on wildland fire management. throwing of burning cigarette stubs, lighting of fires by resting motorists on the roadside, poor disposal Knowledge of farmers can be influenced by several of ashes and arson which have also been reported factors such as age, gender, level of education and to be among major causes of wildland fires period of stay in an area or exposure to wildland (Svotwa et al., 2007; Nkomo et al., 2009; EMA, fires. Land owner’s knowledge towards prescribed 2011). burning and suppression of wildland fires is associated with previous experiences (McCaffrey, Korem, (1985), assumed that farmers have limited 2008; Toledo et al., 2013). Those with more years knowledge in fire management and do not make of stay in an area have more experience and skills any effort to curb the incidence of wildland fires, to manage wildland fires than those with a shorter while Amissah et al. (2010) suggested that farmers period of stay. Morris (1991) cited gender as a 29 SAJEST factor that can influence people’s knowledge and (II) with annual rainfall between 750 mm to 1 000 adoption of new technology. Mostly women are mm. The soils is the study are were grey forgotten in technology adoption and transfer. paraferallitic soils (Vincent and Thomas, 1960). Cultural systems reinforced this by insisting on The mean annual temperature of 240C to 300C women to remain at home while husbands attend (Goudie, 1984). It is characterised by hot wet meetings, workshops and seminars, however they summers and cool dry winters. Wet periods are do not teach women what they have learnt experienced from November to March and cool dry (Mazvimavi et al., 2009). Education is a major periods are from April to July, the period when factor that can influence the level of knowledge of trees in the area lose their leaves in response to fire management. The farmer’s level of education winter. These weather conditions especially determines ones’ appreciation for managing natural between July and October are conducive for resources (Norman, 2005). The farmer’s education wildland fire outbreaks. background is an important factor that determines The main crops grown in the village are maize (Zea the readiness to accept and properly apply mays L.), ground nuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) and technologies (Swamson et al., 1984). tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L) (Mtambanengwe et Wildland fires continue to be a menace in Makoni al., 2012). The area is characterised by common District just like in most parts of the country. The thatching grass Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) growing to a relevant environmental authorities such as EMA height of about 2.5 m. It is characterised by and the Forestry Commission of Zimbabwe have Miombo woodland dominated by tree species such been making relentless efforts to minimise the as Brachystegia spiciformis (Benth), Brachystegia occurrences of wildland fires but without much boehmii (Taubert) and Julbernardia globiflora success. There is need for a paradigm shift in (Benth) (Mtambanengwe et al., 2012). Lantana wildland fire management strategies in Zimbabwe, camara an alien species is also found in the study which should encompass the level of understanding area. There are 63 resettled farmers who moved that farmers on causes of wildland fires in their into the area during the Fast Track Land reform localities, and to assess how much knowledge they programme in 2002. have in practical wildland fire management. This 2.2 Data collection study therefore examined farmers’ knowledge on the causes of wildland fires and factors that Purposive sampling was used to select the study influence their knowledge on the management of area. It was based on selecting the district with the wildland fires in Crofton village. highest percentage of wildland fires in Manicaland Province. This district recorded 19 673.3 ha 2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS (46.6%) out of 42 203.7 ha which was destroyed by 2.1 Study Area wildland fires (EMA, 2014). Purposive sampling was also used to select Ward 38 which had the The study was conducted at Crofton Village in highest frequency of wildland fires. Households Ward 38 (18.47295° S, 32.12705°E and altitude 1 surveyed were randomly selected until a sampling 468 m above sea level) in Makoni District, of 60% was reached. A questionnaire with both Zimbabwe. Makoni district is in Natural Region semi-structured and open ended questions was 30 SAJEST administered to the selected farmers and focus as a major cause of wildland fires by 38% of the group discussions were also held. In addition, other respondents, while hunting was cited by 13.5% methods such as direct observation and key respondents (Figure 1).